IJ  R  0  W  S  E  '  S 


Erun. 


:OM«INKD    WITH 


EiLSY     LESSONS 


MENTAL  ARITHMETIC. 


FOR     BEGINNPRS. 


BY  REV.  GEO.  Y.  BKOWNE,  A.  M 


TUSCALOOSA      ALA. 


ATLANTA,  GA  : 
ITXiiVISrivL.IN-    PRINTING    HOUSE. 

J.    1.    TOON,    PUBLISHER   AND    PROPRIETOR. 

1865. 


S 


COL.  GEORGE  WASHINGTON  FLOWERS 
MEMORIAL  COLLECTION 


DUKE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 
DURHAM,  N.  C. 


PRESENTED  BY 

W.  W.  FLOWERS 


pessa«- 

I  BROWNE'S 


o — ' 

COMBINED    WITH 


EASY    LESSONS       , 


MENTAL   ARITHMETIC. 

FOR    BEGINNERS. 

BY  REV.  GEO.  Y.  BROWNE,  A.  M. 

TUSCALOOSA,    ALA. 


ATLANTA,  GA. : 
FRANKLIN    PRINTING    HOUSE. 

J.  J.  TOON,  PUBLISHKB  AXD  PROPRIBTOB 

L 

assess  ■ 


1865. 


Tr  /!  . 
H 


PREFACE. 


No  apology  is  deemed  necessary  for  presenting;  this  little  work 
to  tbe  j.ublic.  As  fur  as  it  goes,  it  contains  the  results  of  more 
than  twenty  years'  experience  in  practical  instruction  in  this 
department  of  the  duties  of  the  Southern  school  room. 

One  important  feature,  too  frequently  overlooked  by  those 
who  prepare  books  of  instruction  for  very  little  children,  has 
been  steadily  kept  in  view  in  its  preparation.  The  book  is 
adapted  to  tbe  supposed  progress  in  reading  of  its  little  studentsj. 
Indeed,  it  is  (bought  thai  it  may  be  used  profitably  as  a  reading 
book  for  the  class  of  pupils  for  whom  it  is  designed. 

Another  feature  is  that  the  thinking  faculty  of  the  learner  is, 
from  the  beginning,  kept  in  constant,  but  not  too  laborious  exer- 
cise. It  is  hoped  that  the  lessons  are  sufficiently  progressive  for 
the  brightest  pupils,  yet  uot  too  much  so  for  those  of  average 
ability. 

Whether  the  series,  of  which  this  may  perhaps  be  the  "Prinv 
er,"  will  ever  be  completed,  will  depend  partly  upoo  the  reception 
it  may  meet  with,  and  partly  upon  the  author's  other  pressing 
duties  in  the  school  room  and  in  the  pulpit, 

G.  Y.  B. 

Eufacla,  Alabama. 


P80750 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  grand  object,  ne^ver  to  be  lost   sight  of,  in 

every  department  of  instruction,  should  be  the 
development  of  the  iirtelU'Ctual  faculties.  Mathe- 
matical studies  have  generally  been  thought  to  be 
highly  conducive  to  this  gratad  object;  but,  as  ordi- 
narily pursued,  it  may  well  be  questioned  whether 
they  do  not  exert  an  injurious  rather  than  a  beneficial 
influence.  The  author  hopes,  by  this  "Primer,"  to 
aid  both  teacher  and  pupil  to  draw  the  highest 
possible  intellectual  benefit  from  these  elementary 
studies. 

Machinery. — In  the  prosecution  of  this  labor  but 
little  machinery  is  necessary.  A  black  board  and 
some  chalk  are  great  conveniences.  An  Abacus 
may  serve  for  a  while  to  amuse,  and  may  prove  an 
assistance.  The  author  had  one  for  some  time,  but 
found  it  rather  an  incumbrance.  A  slate  and  pen- 
cil from  the  beginning  will  be  found  indispensable. 

Recitations. — Three  features  should  characterize 
every  recitation,  viz  :  absolute  perfectness,  great 
promptness,  and  rigid  attention.  To  state  these 
points  may  be  suflicient.  The  author  has  been  ac- 
customed to  consider  a  slip  of  the  tongue,  or  the 


P60750 


VI  INTRODUCTION. 


slightest  hesitation  in  reciting  the  tables,  a  failure. 
It  requires  a  great  deal  of  drilling  to  stimulate  pu- 
pils to  this  very  high  Standard  of  Excellence,  but  it 
may  be  accomplished  by  gradual  approaches,  n<>t 
only  without  annoyance,  but  with  positive  pleasure 
to  the  pupil. 

The  Figures. — To  teach  the  forms  and  names  of 
the  figures,  make  the  digits  on  the  black-board  in 
any  order  whatever,  thus: 


1 

9 

4 

0 

5 

3 

6 

5 

7 

2 

8 

I 

Name  them  over  in  concert  with  the  class  several 
times,  and  then  call  upon  each  pupil  to  point  to  any 
number  that  may  be  named.  A  few  lessons  of  from 
ten  to  fifteen  minutes  each  will  be  suflicient  for  the 
instruction  of  a  large  class.  The  pupils  should  be 
encouraged  to  write  the  figures  with  chalk  upon  the 
black-board.  The  value  of  the  figures  may  be 
taught  by  making  marks  upon  the  black-board  and 
writing  in  connection  the  proper  figures,  thus:  1  =  1 
11=2  111=3  1111=4  lllil  1111=9,  and  soon. 
The  pupils  should,  of  course,  write  such  exercises 
both  upon  the  board  and  upon  the  slates. 

The  same  point  may  be  further  illustrated  by  an 


INTRODUCTION".  Vll 


Abacus,  or  by  buttons,  marbles,  pencils,  books  or 
anything  else  that  may  be  convenient. 

Counting. — This  exercise  should  be  performed 
forwards  and  backwards  to  any  required  number  in 
concert  at  first,  but  afterwards  by  each  pupil  singly. 
By  a  simple  device,  which  will  be  found  explained 
at  some  length  in  the  remarks  before  Multiplication, 
the  pupil  will  be  enabled  to  count  by  any  intervals 
that  may  bo  r« -quired.  It  may  be  done  in  the  first 
place  by  the  odd  numbers,  1,  3,  5,  7  and  9,  and 
afterwards  by  the  even  mrr.  bers,  2.  4,  6  and  K.  As 
this  kind  of  counting  facilitates  the  acquirement  of 
all  the  four  fundamental  operations  of  arithmetic,  it 
is  suggested  that  it  be  put  into  practice  as  soon  as 
the  pupils  have  a  tolerable  idea  of  the  value  of  the 
figures,  and  kept  in  daily  exercise,  forwards  and 
backwards,  until  the  whole  school  can  count  thus 
promptly  and  accurately. 

The  Sions. — The  author  prefers  to  use  Algebraic 
signs  from  the  beginning.  In  the  Addition  fable  two 
signs  are  used  -f-<  plus;  and  =,  equal.  The  name 
of  the  first  is  plus — its  meaning  is  "  more,  add  or 
and."  In  the  table,  the  last  meaning  is  used.  The 
=  is  the  sign  of  equality,  and  may  mean  "  are, 
leaves  or  is,"  as  the  case  may  require.  Thus,  in 
the  Addition  table  for  1  +  1=2  read  one,  and  one 
aro  two,  and  so  on. 

Iri  the    Subtraction    Tubh  on j  additional  sign  is 


INTRODUCTION. 


.  viz:  — ,  minus.  It  moans  loss  or  from.  Hence 
rea  1  (6  —  1=4)  thus  :   1  from  5  leaves  4,  & 

In  the  ^fuJlti plication  Tatje,  anojbher  sign  is  em- 
ployed. It  is  formed  thus  x  .  and  named  tjhe  sign 
of  multiplication.  It  may  bo  interpreted  "  times."' 
The  third  line  of  the.  table  of  six,  which  is  written 
thus  (3  x  6  =  18.)  may  he  read  three  times  six  is 
eighteen.      [See  foot  note  Multiplication.) 

In  Division,  still  another  si^n,  made,  thus  ~,  is 
used.  It  is  called  the.  sign  of  division,  and  may  V)c 
interpreted  by  "into."  Thus  in  the  table  of  nine 
the  sixth  line,  which  is  written  (54  ~  d  z=  (».)  may 
be  read  nine  into  fifty-four  six  times*  and  so  on. 


ADDITION. 


Lesson  First. — Increasing  by  Ones. 

1.  One  boy  is  on  a  box,  one    more  boy    gets   on  ;    how 
many  boys  arc  now  on  the  box  ? 

2.  Two  hens  are  in  a  coop,  one  more   is   put  in  ;   how 
many  hens  are  now  in  the  coop  ? 

3.  Three  nuts  are  on  a    plate;  if  one   nut   more  is  put 
on,  how  many  will   that  mnke  ? 

4.  John  has  four  1  talis  and  James  has  one  ;  how  many 
balls  have  both    boys  ? 

5.  Five  girls  are  on  a  bench  and  one  is  on  a  chair;  how 
many  girls  are  there  in  all  ? 

D.  Six  ducks  are  in  the  pond;  if  one  more  goes  in  how 
many  will   that  make  V 

7.  1  have  .seven  dimes  in  my  right  hand  and  one  in  my 
left;  how  many  dimes  are  in  both  hands? 

8.  Add  eight  yards  to  one  yard;  How  many  yards  will 
there  be ? 

9.  Nine  sticks  of  wood  are  in  a  pile  ;   if  one  more  stick 
is  put  in  the  pile,  bow  many  will   that  make  V 

10.  Ten  hats  are  in  a   box  ;    put    oik-   mole  hat  in,  and 
how,  many  hats  will   there  be? 


THE    TABLE 

1  +  1 

=  2 

Q 

+ 

1 

=   7 

2         1 

3 

7 

1 

8 

3         1 

4 

8 

1 

9 

4         1 

5 

1 

9 

1 

10 

5         1 

6 

1 

10 

1 

11 

EXERCISES. 

5  and  1  ?  3  and  1  ?  7  and  1  ?  2  and  1 1  3  and  1 ? 
8  and  1 ?  4  and  1  ?  2  and  1  ?  1  and  1 ?  5  and  1  ? 
2  and  1 1    7  and  1  ?  3  and  1 1  9  and  I?  10  and  1 1 


10  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  Second. — Increasing  by  Twos. 

1.  Mary  lias  put  two  pma  in  her  dress  and  wants  one 
more;  how  man)'  will  that  make? 

2.  One  hen  eats  two  g>-ains  of  corn  and  then  eats  twe 
more  groins  ;  how  many  grains  did  she  eat  ? 

3.  John  puts  two  chairs   to   the   table  and  Jane  puts 
three  ;  how  many  are  theie  at  the  table  ? 

4.  If  four  books  are  in  a  pile,  and  two  more  are  put  in, 
how  many  books  will  there  be  in  the  pile? 


o. 


George  drives  five  nails  into  a  board,  and  two  into 
another;  how  many  nails  did  he  drive? 

6.  There  are  six  boxes  on   a  dray,   and  two  more  are 
put  on  ;  how  many  does  that  make  ? 

7.  Seven  bells  are  in  a  store,  and  two  moieare  brought 
in  ;  how  many  does  that  make  ? 

8.  Eight  hats  are  on  a  stand  ;   if  two  more  are  put  on 
how  man)'  will  there  be  ? 

9.  James  has  nine  old  coats  and   two  new   ones  ;  how 
many  coats  has  he  ? 

10.  Ten  black  birds  and  two  red  ones  make  how  many? 


THE    TABLB. 

1+2  =  3 

0   +  2  = 

8 

2 

2         4 

7         2 

9 

3 

2         5 

8         2 

10 

4 

2         6 

9         2 

11 

5 

2         7 

10         2 

-12    . 

EXERC1SE8. 

4  and  2? 

5  and  2? 

4  and  H    3  and  2? 

7  and  21 

6  and  2  ? 

7  and  1 ? 

10  and  2?     1  and  21 

4  and  1  ? 

7  and  2? 

9  and  2  ? 

8  and  2'?     G  and  1? 

2  and  2? 

3  and  1 1 

2  and  2? 

6  and  2?    5  and  2? 

4  and  21 

9  and  1? 

8  and  2? 

2  and  2  1    5  and  1 1 

6  and  2 1 

7  and  2? 

5  and  2 1 

9  an 

d  2  %    4  and  2  ? 

5  and  2? 

£^£T"  Many  more  such  questions  should  be  asked. 


ADDITION.  11 


Lesson  Third. — Increasing  by  Threes. 

1.  Three  caps  are  in  the  drawer,  and  one  more  is  pat 
in  ;  how  many  will  that  make  ? 

2.  Jane  makes  up  three  beds  in  one  room  and  two  in 
another  ;  how  many  beds  does  she  make  up  ? 

3.  Three  large  tigs  and  three  small  ones  make  how 
many  figs  ? 

4.  If  four  jugs  are  full  of  milk  and  three  full  of  wine, 
how  many  jugs  will  that  make? 

5.  Five  bags  are  tilled  with  nuts  and  three  with  rice ; 
how  many  bags  does  that  make  ? 

6.  There  are  six  kegs  in  a  row  and  three  in  another  ; 
how  many  kegs  in  both  rows  V 

7.  Seven  axes  with  helves  and  three  without,  make 
how  many  axes  ? 

8.  Mary  has  eight  dresses  and  Jane  has  three;  how 
many  dresses  have  both? 

i».  Nine  men  are  in  the  house  and  three  in  the  street ; 
how  many  men  does  that  make? 

10.  There  are  ten  maps  in  the  book  and  three  on  the 
wall ;  how  many  maps  are  there  in  all  ? 


THE  TABLE 

14-3  =  4 

| 

0 

+  3  : 

=  9 

o 

3    5 

j 

7 

3 

10 

3 

3    6 

1 

8 

11 

4 

3    7 

i) 

3 

12 

5 

3    J 

1 
EXERCISES. 

K) 

3 

13 

7  and  3 ? 

9  and  2? 

"j  and  3  ? 

0 

and  2? 

8  and  3? 

3  and  3 ? 

(5  and  1  ? 

7  and  2  ? 

•  > 

a 

and  3? 

5  and  2? 

5  and  2? 

2  and  3  ? 

9  and  3? 

1 

and  3  ? 

2  and  3  ? 

4  and  I  ? 

7  and  2? 

8  and  3  ? 

7 

and  1  ? 

6  and  3  ? 

4  and  2? 

5  and  1 ? 

3  and  1 1 

2  and  5 ? 

9  and  3  ? 

7  and  .3  ? 

5  and  2  ? 

2  and  1 ? 

4  and  1 1 

7  and  2? 

vz 


AurniMKTir 


Lesson  Fourth. — Increasing  by  Fours. 

1.  Four  palm-leaf  fans  and  one  silk  one  will  make  how 
many  fans  ? 

2.  John  brings  in  four  logs  and  James  brings 'in  two; 
how  many  logs  do  both  bring  in  ? 

5.  Tlioiv  arc  tour  glass  mugs  and  three  tin  ones;  how 
many  mugs  does  both  make  V 

4.  Mary  lias  four  white  and  four  red  hair  pins;  how 
many  hair  pins  has  she  ? 

o.  J;me  found  five  egi<s  in  one  nest  and  four  in  another; 
how  many  eggs  did  sin;  lind  ? 

6.  Sallie  has  four  dolls  and  Mary  has  six;  how  many 
dolls  have  both  ? 

7.  George  drew  seven  cats  on  one  side  of  his  slate  and 
four  on  the  other;  how  many  cats  did  ho   draw  ? 

8.  Eight  birds  are  on  one  tree  and  four  on  another  ; 
how  many  birds  on  both  trees  ? 

9.  A  boy  ate  nine  cakes  and  a  girl  ate  four;  how  many 
did  both  cat  ': 

ID.  Too  blick  eyes  in  five  girls  and  four  blue  eyes  in 
two  girls  make  how  many  eyes  ? 


THE    ' 

FABLE 

1   -f-  4  =  5 

6 

+    i    = 

=    10 

o 

4         G 

7 

4 

11 

*> 

4         7 

£ 

4 

12 

4 

4         8 

> 

0 

4 

13 

5 

4         9 

10 

4 

14 

exeuciseb. 

0  and  4  ? 

7  and  4? 

3  and  3 } 

G 

and  21 

8  and  4? 

3  ami  4-1 

4  and  4  \ 

G  and   V. 

4 

and  3? 

3  and  4  ? 

5  ami  3-1 

2  and  2> 

9  ami   I? 

1 

and  4'? 

7  and  2  1 

7  ami  2  ! 

5  and  31 

8  and  -i'f 

7 

and  4  ? 

4  and  3? 

5  and  4  ? 

■>  an  1  4? 

2  a-nd  1? 

7 

and  3? 

9  and  3? 

G  and  4  \ 

7  and  4  ! 

.9  an 

d  4  1 

2 

and  4  ? 

7  and  1 ? 

ADDITION.  13 


Lesson  Fifth. — Increasing  by  Fives. 

1.  A  girl  has  five  toys  ;  if  one  more  be  given  her  how 
ninny  toys  will  she  have  ? 

2.  There  are  two  balls  of  white  yarn  in  a  box  and  five 
of  red ;  how  many  balls  are  there ! 

f.  Five  mules  are  in  one  team  and  three  in  another ; 
how  many  mules  in  both  teams? 

4.  Mary  has  five  pet  lambs  and  Kate  has  four;  how 
many  lambs  have  both? 

o."  Five  square  bales  and  five  round  bales  make  how 
many  bales ! 

t>.  Six  pinks  are  in  bloom  and  six  are  not ;  how  many 
pinks  does  that  make  P 

7.  Seven  sheets  are  in  the  wash  and  six  on  the  beds; 
how  many  sheets  in  all  ? 

8.  John  jumps  five  times,  Pete  eight  times;  how  many 
times  do  both  jump  ? 

if.  Nine  guns  in  one  rack  and  five  in  another  make 
how   many  guns  ? 

10.  James  gave  ten  cents  to  a  poor  man  and  Charles 
gave  five  ;   how  many  cents  did  both   givev 

THE    T.VHLK. 


1    -f-  5   E 

:    G 

6 

+ 

5    r 

=   11 

y 

5 

7 

< 

5 

12 

3 

5 

8 

8 

5 

13 

#      4 

5 

9 

<) 

5 

14 

5 

5 

10 

IXEUOUSS 

10 

5 

15 

7 

an  1  5  \ 

1  and 

11 

5  and  5  I 

(5 

and  5  ? 

8  and  5  ! 

3 

and  4? 

0  and 

5  7 

7  and  9 * 

3 

and 

5* 

5  and  4 1 

i 

ml  i  ? 

2  and 

5? 

9  and  4  ? 

1  and  5  ? 

2  and  3* 

G 

and  3? 

4  and 

8? 

3  and  1  } 

4 

and 

£1 

5  and  4  ? 

:> 

and  5  ? 

7  and 

5  .- 

3  titui  i  % 

9 

and 

51 

7  and  5  ? 

2 

Mid  5'? 

5  and 

5? 

9  and  5  I 

10  and 

5? 

10  and  49 

It 


ARITHMETIC 


Losson  Sixth. — Increasing  by  Sixes. 

i.  The  babe  had  six  teeth  and  one  more  has  come; 
how  many  teeth  has  it  now  ? 

2.  A  boy  had  six  fish  hooks,  he  found  two  more;  how 
many  did  that  make? 

3.  If  three  pies  are  done  and  six  are  not  done;  how 
many  pies  will  that  be? 

4.  Four  trees  are  in  one,  row  and  six  in  another;  how 
many  trees  in  both  rows  ? 

5.  One  knife  has  five  blades,   another  has  six;    how 
many  blades  have  both  knives? 

0.  There  are  six  doors  in  the  old  house  and  six  in  the 
new  ;  how  many  doors  are  th-^re  in  both  houses? 

7.  If  seven  mills  are  on  one  stream  and  six  on  another; 
how  many  will  there  be  on  both  streams  ? 

8.  Eight  men  are  at  work  on  that  side  of  the  house  and 
six  on  this  ;  now  many  men  are  there  on  both  sides  ? 

9.  If  there  are  nine  hens  that   have  nests  and  six  that 
have  not;  how  many  hens  Will  that  make  ? 

10.  There  are  ten  spools  of  white  thread  and  six  of  black  ; 
how  many  spools  of  both  ? 


mi 

:    TABLE 

1   +  G 

B=    7 

G 

+    B    ^ 

:     12 

2 

G 

8 

7 

6 

13 

3 

G 

9 

8 

6 

14 

4 

G 

10 

9 

G 

15  ' 

5 

G 

11 

10 

6 

16 

EXERCISES. 

5  and  G  ? 
4  and  G  ? 
3  and  4? 
7  and  5  ? 

3  and  G  % 
7  and  G  ? 
1  and  6? 

3  and  G? 

9 
S 

4 

s 

an 
an 
an 

an 

d  5? 
d4? 
el  <i? 
d  G? 

G  and  1  ? 
9  and  6? 
6  and  3 1 
6  and  G  1 

2  and  3? 
f  and  61 
9  and  2? 
9  and  5? 

2  and  6?  5  and  4?  4  and  6?  7  and  3?  2  and  4? 

3  and  3 1    7  and  5  ?  10  and  3  ?  10  and  5  ?  10  and  G 1 


ADDITION.  15 


Lesson  Seventh. — Increasing  by  Sevens. 

1.  One  loaf  of  bread  is  at  the  fire  and  seven  are  on 
plates;  bow  many  loaves  does  that  make? 

2.  Two  cars  and  seven   cars  will  make  a  train  of  how 
man)-  cars  ? 

3.  John  has  three  balls,  James  gives  him  seven  more ; 
how  many  has  he  then  ? 

4.  Seven  pine  posts  are  on  this  side  of  the  fence  and 
four  on  that ;  how  many  pine  posts  are  there  ? 

5.  Five  plows  and  seven  plows  make  how  many? 

6.  Six  boys  have  hoes  and  seven  have  guns;  how  many 
boys  does  that  make? 

7.  Ann  has  seven  pins  in   one  hand  and  seven  in  the 
other;  how  many  are  there  in  both  hands? 

8.  Btigh|  boused  are  on  one  side  of  the  road  and  seven 
on  the  other,  make  how  many  houses? 

9.  Nine  boys  are  in  one   room   and   seven  in  another; 
how  many  hoys  are  there  in  both  rooms  ? 

10.  Ten  cows  and  seven  calves  make  how  many  cattle? 


THE    TABLE, 

1+7  =  8 

6  +  7  = 

:  13 

o 

7         9 

7         7 

14 

S 

7       10 

8         7 

15 

4 

7       11 

9         7 

.16 

5 

7       12 

10         7 

17 

EXERCISES. 

6  and  7  1 

5  and  7?  10  and  4? 

4  and  5  ? 

9  and  7  * 

5  and  7  1 

3  and  7  ?    6  and  6  1 

5  and  4  1 

2  and  5  ? 

3  and  7? 

1  and  3  1    4  and  7  ? 

6  ami  5 ? 

7  and  4? 

9  and  7  ? 

4  and  31  10  and  6? 

8  and  1 1 

6  and  4? 

2  and  7  1 

5  and  1 1  10  and  1  1 

4  and  2? 

3  and  51 

4  and  6  1 

1  and  1  1    9  and  4  ? 

2  and  9? 

1  and  81 

7  and  6  1 

Sand  3?  10  an 

d9? 

9  and  2? 

7  and  8? 

7  and  5 1    1  and  9  ?    6  and  1  ?    9  and  9  1  10  and  7  1 


16 


ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson    Eighth. —  Increasing  by  Eights. 

1.  Eight  leaves  have  1  »lnts  on  them  and  one  leaf  is  torn; 
how  many  leaven  does  that  make? 

2.  Two  trees  are  blown  down  and  eight  are  dead;  how 
many  trees  ?  . 

3.  Three  sheep  are  in  the  fold  and  eight  more  are  going 
in  ;  how  many  will  there  be  in  ? 

4.  James  has  four  books  in  his  desk  and  John  has  eight 
in  his  ;  how  many  are  there  in  both  desks  t 

ti.   Five  snake.s  are  under  one  log  and  eight  under  an- 
other ;   how  many  snakes  under  both  logs  f 

6.  Three  men  have  six  spurs  and  four  boys  have  eight; 
how  many   spurs  do  they  all  have  ? 

7.  There   are  seven   blots  on   une  page  and  eight  on 
another  ;  how  many  blots  are  there  on  both  pag> .  s  I 

8.  There  are  eight  wheels  to  this  ear  and  eight  wheels 
to  that;  how  many  wheels  to  both  ears? 

9.  If  one  boy  makes  eight  rings  on  a  slate  and  another 
hoy  makes  nine,  how  many  will  both  make? 

10.   Ten  wet  days  and  eight  dry  days  ;  make  how  many  ? 

THE    TABLE. 


1  +   8 

2  8 

3  8 

4  8 

5  8 


9 
10 
11 
12 
13 


8  mi  5?  -land  8? 
:.  and  7?    6  and  8? 

9  and  7  \  5  and  6  ? 
8  and  51  10  and  8  9 

1  and  (>?  10  and  1 '( 
5  and  ?  ?  9  and  4  ? 
P  and  2?  10  and  5  1 


EXERCISES. 

3  and  5  ? 

8  rind  8? 

2  and  8  ? 

9  *i  ■ 

7  and  5  ? 

3  and  2? 
7  and  7  % 


C    +    8: 

7  8 

8  8 
0         8 

10         8 

7  and  4? 
(3  and  8? 

9  and  4  ? 
3  and  7  % 
5  and  8? 

7  and  (M 

8  and  4  ? 


:  14 
15 
16 
17 
18 

f)  and  6  ? 

7  and  41 
1  and  8 1 
7  and  8? 
3  and  8  ? 
1  and  6  ? 
3  and  0 1 


ADDITION. 


17 


Lesson  Ninth* — Increasing    by    Nines. 

1.  Mary  knows  nine  tunes;  if  she  learns  another  how 
lany  will  she  know  ? 

2.  Two  hoys  arc  at  the  well  and  nine  are  playing  town- 
Vill  ;  how  many  hoys  are  there? 

8.   Three  desks  are  of  oak  wood  and  nine  of  pine;  how 
many  desks  in  all  1 

4.  Four    goobers    (ground  nuts)    are    on  the  stove  ;  if 
nhie  more  are  put  on  how  many  will  that  make  ? 

5.  Five  frogs  are  in  the  well",  hut  nine  have  been  taken 
out;   how  many  were,  there  in  the  well  ? 

6]  How  many  corks  do  six  large  ones  and  nine  small 
ones  make  ? 

7.  There  are  seven  rods  for  the  girls  ;-.nd  nine  for  (lie 
hoys;   how  many  rods  were  there  in  all? 

8.  If  to  ei^ht  pounds  of  rice  you  add  nine  pounds,  how 
many  pounds  will  there  he? 

9.  How  many  capes  has  Mary  if  she  has  nine  of  cloth 
and  nine  of  lace  V 

10.   Ten  rows  of  corn  are  on  one  ear  and  nine  on  another  ; 
how  many  rows  are  on  both  ears? 

THE    TABLE. 


+  9 
9 
9 
9 
9 


10 
11 
12 
13 

14 


<> 
7 
8 
9 
10 


9 
9 
9 
9 


15 
16 

17 
18 
19 


4  and  9?  10  and  8? 
7  and  9 ?  6  and  3  1 
9  and  9?  6  and  4? 
2  and  1  ?  6  and  9  % 
1  and  9  ?    9  and  4  ? 

5  and  9  ?    6  and  5  % 


EXERCISES. 

3  and  9?    6  and  9?  9  and  T>  ? 

4  .-Mid  7?    7  and  9?  5  and  6? 
4  and  8?  10  ;»ud  9.?  8  and  9? 

8  and  9?     9  and  61  7  and  51 
2  and  9?    5  and  1?  7  ar:d  81 

9  and  4?    7  and  %%  4  and  9  7 


18  ARITHMETIC. 

Lesson  Tenth. — Increasing  by  Tens. 

1.  One  man  owns  one  goat  and  another  owns  ten  ;  how 
many  do  both  own  ? 

2.  John  brings  two  yams  to  school  and  Mary  brings 
ten  ;  how  many  do  both  bring  V 

3.  Three  white  beads  and  ten  green  beads  make  hov 
many  ? 

4.  Four  Marys  and  ten  Anns  make  how  many  girls  ? 

5.  How  many  keys  are  there  if  five  are  in  one  bunoh 
and  ten  in  another  I 

6.  There  are  six  shell  combs  and  ten  horn  combs  ;  how 
many  combs  in  all  ? 

7.  If  one  girl  is  seven   years  old  and   another  is  ten, 
what  is  the  sum  of  their  ages  ? 

8.  Eight  gnats  are  on  my  face  and  ten  are  on  the  wing; 
how  many  gnats  are  there  V 

9.  If  there  are  nine  red  calves  and  ten  black  ones,  how 
many  calves  are  there  in  all? 

10.  Ten  birds  are  in  one  pie  and  ten  in  another;    how 
many  birds  are  there  in  both  pics  ? 

THE  TABLE. 

1  -f  10  =  11    I    6  -f  10  =  16 

2  10  &  7  10  17 

3  10  13  8  10  18 

4  10  14  9  10  19 

5  10  15  10  .10  20 

EXERCISES. 

1  and  10  ?  7  and  9  ?  5  and  4  1  3  and  10  %  5  and  6  ? 

2  and  10  ?  7  and  4  ]  10  and  9  ?  8  and  10  ?  7  and  6  ? 

3  and  10  1  9  and  7  %  10  and  8  1  4  and  10  ?  9  and  6  ? 
(5  and  10  %  5  and  4  ?  10  and  4  %  6  and  1018  and  5  ? 
9  and  10  %  3  and  7  %  7  and  4  ?  2  and  10  ?  8  and  5  1 
5  and  10  ?  5  and  8  1  4  and  9  1  9  and  7  ?  2  and  9 1 
9  and  6  ?  4  and  7  ?  5  and  9  ?  8  and  7  ?  8  and  5 1 


7- 
ADDITION.  19 


Lesson  Eleventh. — Miscellaneous   Questions. 

1.  Mary  has  one  apple  and  George  gives  her  three  more; 
how  many  has  she  then  ? 

|     2.  In  a  box  there  are  six  marbles;  John  puts  in  four 
more ;  how  many  are  there  in  the  box  ? 
j   3.  Seven  cherries  are  on  one  stick  and  nine  on  another; 
how  many  cherries  are  there  on  both  sticks  ? 

4.  Eight  birds  are  sitting  on  one  limb  of  a  tree,  and 
nine  inure  are  on  another  limb  ;  how  many  on  both  limbs  ? 

6.  Nine  houses  are  on  this  side  the  street  and  seven  on 
that ;  how  many  houses  are  there  on  both  sides  ? 

6.  The  speckled  hen  has  eleven  chickens  and  the  black 
hen  seven  ;  how  many  have  both  ? 

7.  John  has  learned  twelve  verse?  and  little  Kittie  has 
learned  five;  how  many  have  they  both  learned  7 

8.  On  one  dish  there  are  fourteen  eggs  and  on  another 
six;   how  many  on  both  dishes  ? 

9.  Sallie  has  four  kittens  and  Mary  has  three  dolls  ; 
how  many  have  both  ?  (If  answered,  ask  "seven  what?" 
and  state  that  things  which  are  not  alike  cannot  be  added.) 

10.  Five  boys  and  three  boys  and  four  boys  ;  are  how 
many  ? 

11.  Three  kites,    two  kites,  and   five  kites;    are    how 
many  ? 

.12.  Six  pens,  three  pens,  and  two  pens  ;  are  how  many  ? 

13.  One  horse,   six   horses,    and   live   horses;  are  how 
many  horses  V 

14.  Three  toes,    five   toes,  and  seven    fingers;  are  how 
many  ?     Why  ? 

15.  Seven  books,  five  books,  and  four  books;  are  how 
many  V 

16.  Nine  gloves,  four  gloves,  and  seven  gloves  ;  are  how 
many  ? 

17.  Eight  chairs,  six  chairs,  and  nine  chairs;  are  how 
many  ?  N 

18.  Four  birds,  nine  birds,  and  five  birds  ;  are  how  many? 

19.  Six  stars,  eight  stars;  and  nine  stars  ;  are  how  many  ? 

20.  Nine  beds,  three  beds,  two  beds,  and  one  bed ;  are 
how  many  ? 


20  .uuthmi.vk  . 


EXERCISES. 

4+0+2? 

9+2+3] 

3+6+2'? 

3+4+6+2? 

6     2 

3? 

2 

7 

2? 

0 

4 

3? 

5 

3 

2     4? 

7     2 

4? 

3 

G 

4? 

7 

G 

2? 

S 

4 

3     1? 

3     7 

5? 

5 

4 

2  ! 

G 

5 

3? 

o 

3 

5     2? 

1     8 

2? 

G 

3 

5? 

4 

3 

0? 

5 

4 

3     2? 

5     4 

3? 

8 

5 

4? 

5 

4 

8? 

3 

7 

2    5? 

3     2 

61 

2 

3 

6? 

6 

3 

2  2 

7 

G 

3    4? 

<>     3 

4? 

9 

1 

3? 

4 

5 

3? 

8 

4 

5     3? 

5     2 

3? 

8 

4 

2? 

5 

G 

2? 

5 

3 

8     4? 

4     2 

5? 

7 

5 

G? 

7 

2 

4? 

9 

5 

4     2? 

3     4 

6? 

0 

4 

3? 

6 

<> 

5? 

8 

3 

G     4  ? 

7     3 

2? 

5 

3 

2  ? 

3 

2 

5? 

5 

4 

7     6? 

Notk. — TheTeaeher  should  ask  other  ^u-stions  of  the  sun-  kind  us 
are  written  on  these  two  list.  |>:ijjfts.  K  >  -<  j  >i  re  the  answer  to  be?iven  im- 
■!\-  upon  the  completion  "f  the  qaesijon.,  The  object*)?  thi%ia  to 
train  the  faculty  oi  act<.-ucL-j)i,  and  t>  qniupcl  the  puull  to  use  his 
heacirathe^L'  than  his  lingers  in  the  Calculation.  Lt-t.  mc-  ilhistr ill-  this: 
Suppose  Hie  toaehor  says,  (and  he  should  always  sneak  somewhat  slowly  > 
"  niuo,  live"'  the  pupil  should  he  accustomed  to  i/(i'(h  fourteen;  then  should 
fcho  teae.ier  say,  ana  three,  the  pupil  is  re  <(ty  to  answer  seventeen. — 
The  auth  >rhas  sometimes  had  quite  smsill  children  so  w.ll  trained  that 
the}-  would  tell  accurately  and  pn m ;it ly  npon  the  cmphnion  of  the 
question,  tho  same  of  as  many  as  a  dozen  a  juros  thus  given  out. 


V 


SU DTK ACTION.  21 


SUBTRACTION 


Lesson  Twelfth.— Decreasing  by  Ones. 

1.  A  boy  had  one  pencil,  but  he  soon  lost  it ;   what  did 
he  have  left  ? 

2.  Mary  had  two  yards  of  silk  ;  she  cut  oft'  one  yard 
for  a  dress  for  her  doll  ;  how  much  remained  f 

3.  Three  little  boys  stood  up  to  recite,  but  one  was  sent 
to  his  seat  for  talking  ;   how  many  remained  ? 

4.  Four  marbles  were  in  a  ring,  but  John  knocked  out 
one;  how  many  remained? 

5.  Sarah,   having  five  apples,  ate  one  ;  how  many  re- 
mained ? 

0.   A  planter  had  six  cows,  one  of  which  he  sold;  how 
many  were  left. 

7.    Take  one  feather  from  a  bunch  of  seven  feathers  ; 
how  many  will   remain  ? 

S.  Eight  birds  were  on  a  branch,   but  one  rlcw  away  ; 
how  ma:iy  we;  e  left  * 

9.    A  hen  had  nme  little  chickens,   bnt  the  cat  ate  one 
of  them  ;   how  many   were  left? 

10.    Ten  books  were  in  a  pile,  but  George  takes  one  off; 
how  many  are  left  ? 

TE1E    TABLE. 

1  -TT/1    =,,0  6  —   1    =    5 

2  11  7  I          <i 

3  1 1       j  j2  8  17 

4  1  3  9         1         8 

5  14  10  1         9 

EXERCISES. 

5  less  1  ?  7  less  1  '.  0  less  1  ?  4  less  1  ? 

9  U*M  I  ?  «  less  (21  5  and  3?  7  less  1] 

5  less  8?  8  less  11  8  and  (?  9   less  8? 

10  less  1  ?  O  hss  1  *  10  less  0  ?  3  less  1  ? 


22 


AKITflMKTIC 


Lesson  Thirteenth. — Decreasing   by  Twos, 

1.  Two  vi.ils  were  standing  on  a  shelf,  but  both  were 
knocked  down  ;  what  remained? 

2.  Three  tapers  were  lighted,  bui  the  wind  blew  two  of 
them  out ;  how  many  continued  to  burn  ? 

3.  Four  giants  went  out  to   war;  two  of  them  were 
killed;  how  many  returned? 

4.  Five  basins  were  packed  in  a  box  ;  two  were  broken  ; 
how  many  were  whole? 

5.  Six  spiders  were  in   a   corner;  Jane  swept  two  of 
them  clown  ;  how  many  were  left.  ? 

0.  Seven  papers  are  lying  together,  but  two  of  them  are 
torn  ;  how  many  are  whole? 

7.  Eight  pies  were  on  the  safe ;  two  of  them  were  eaten 
at  dinner  ;  how  many  are  left  V 

8.  Mary  has  nine  cherries,  two  of  which  are  wormy; 
how  many  are  sound  ? 

0.   Ten  cows  are  in  the  field,  but  two  of  them  are  with- 
out horns;   how  many  have  horns? 

10.  Eleven  trees  were  standing  in  a  row,  but  two  have 
been  cut  down  ;  how  many  remain  ? 


THE    TABLE. 

2 

— 

2  = 

=  0 

7 

2 

— 

5 

3 

2 

1 

■      8 

2 

0 

4 

2 

2 

9 

2 

7 

5 

2 

3 

10 

2 

s 

6 

o 

4 

KXE1U 

11 

USES. 

2 

9 

9 

less 

2? 

9 

less 

1? 

4  less 

3? 

5 

less 

2? 

<; 

less 

21 

4 

less 

1   1 

7   less 

2? 

5 

and 

4? 

o 

less 

2? 

3 

less 

2  1 

5    less 

2? 

8 

and 

♦*>  >. 

i 

and 

71 

4 

less 

21 

9   and 

41 

t; 

less 

21 

7 

less 

2! 

3 

less 

11 

7  and 

SI 

s 

less 

21 

5 

less 

2? 

10 

less 

2? 

6   less 

2? 

9 

less 

21 

SUBTRACTION.  23 


Lesson  Fourteenth. — Decreasing  by  Threes. 

1.  Three  balloons  were  sent  up;  if  they  all  come  down 
will  any  remain  up  ? 

2.  There  are  four  bottles  of  ink  ;  should  three  of  them 
be  emptied,  how  many  will  still  be  lull  ? 

3.  Five  rabbits   were  in  a  cage;  three  got  out ;  how 
many  remained  ? 

4.  A  little  girl  who  had  six   cents  spent  'three  ;  how 
many  were  left  ? 

5.  Seven  buggies  are  going  by  ;  if  three  of  them  stop 
how  many  will  continue  on  ? 

<>.   Katie  had  eight  peaches,  but  she  give  three  of  them 
to  her  brother  ;  how  many  did  she  keep  ? 

7.  Eildie,  having  nine  chestnuts,  gave  three  to  George; 
how  many  did  he  have  left  ? 

8.  When  we  eat  three  of  the  ten  melons  which  father 
bought,  how  many  will  remain  ? 

0.   A  merchant  had  eleven  pitchers  ;  after  three  were 
sold,  how  many  remained  ? 

10.   Twelve  spools  of  cotton  ore  in  a  paper;  how  many- 
will  be  left  alter  three  are  used  V 

THE    TABLE. 


3  — 

3  = 

=   0 

8 

a 

=   5 

4 

3 

1 

9 

3 

6 

r> 

3 

o 

10 

3 

7 

6 

3 

3 

11 

3 

8 

7 

3 

4 

12 

3 

9 

EXER 

eiSKS. 

7  less    %\ 
9  less    3  1 

8  and    5? 

9  less    6? 
7  less    3  ? 

13  less 

5  loss 

6  less 
8  less 
4  less 

31 

2  ? 
21 
3? 
31 

6  less 
12  less 

7  less 
10  and 

5  less 

2? 
3? 
2  ] 
4? 
3? 

5  and  4? 

4  less  1  1 

11  less  3? 

7  and  3  1 

8  and  6? 

9  less  31   5  less  2?   G  less  3'?   9. less  ,31 


24  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson    Fifteenth. — Decreasing    by    Fours. 

1.   Henry  had  four  £>et  birds  ;  having  given  tnem  away 

Ik1  granted  to  know  how  many  won-  left  ? 

9j   A  new  house  is  to   have  live  chimney$,  but  four  of 
which  are  finished  ;  how  many  art  unfinished  ? 

8.   A  tanner  sells  four  hides  out    of   six;    how   many 
remain  ? 

4.  Sarah  goes  to   school   four   days    in  the  week  ;   how 
many  does  she  stay  at  home  ? 

5.  Eight  girls  are  sitting  «.n  the  parlor;  if  four  walk  out, 
how  many  remain  V 

'\    A  drover  has  nine  mutes,  of  which  l:e  sells  a  team  of 
four;  how  many  does  he  keep? 

7.  Ten   hogsheads  of  sugar   arc   at  the  depot;    a  dray 
hauls  off  four;    how  many  are  left  V 

8.  Eleven   geese  are  swimming   in    the  pond;    if  four 
come  out,  how  many  wdl  remain  ? 

9.  Twelre   shoes   arc   in    a  box  ;  if  four   are  sold,  how 
many  will  there  he  in  the  box  ? 

10.   Tf  four  grapes  are  taken  from  a  bunch  of  thirteen,  how 
many  will  remain  V 

TUK    T:\HI.K. 


4  __ 

4 

—  0 

9 

— 

4 

S 

5* 

4 

1 

10 

4 

0 

6 

4 

2 

11 

4 

7 

7 

4 

3 

12 

■\ 

8 

8 

4 

4 

KXER< 

13 

USES. 

4 

9 

9  less    5? 

4 

and 

3? 

(>  less 

3? 

5 

iesa 

2? 

7   less     5? 

3 

and 

3? 

5    loss 

4? 

gf 

less 

2  % 

6  less    3  ? 

3 

less 

1  ? 

10    less 

4? 

s 

and 

61 

<)    loss      <\   1 

7 

less 

4? 

11    le-s 

3? 

(> 

1  ess 

4? 

7  and     6 ? 

8 

less 

4? 

13   Jess 

4? 

5 

and 

t? 

4  and    9  % 

5 

less 

3? 

10  less 

8? 

V2 

less 

4? 

SUUT  K  ACTION.  96 


Lesson   Sixteenth.—  Decreasing   by   Fives. 

1.  Five  pitchforks  were  in  the  tool  house,  but  Jim 
threw  their  all  out;  how  many  remained.? 

2.  There  are  six  padlocks,  live  of  which  have  keys  ; 
h  isv  many  are  without  kcysr 

3.  A  ladder  has  seven  rounds,  five  of  which  are  painted; 
how  many  are  not  painted? 

■1.  Eight  |jilfls  are  out  walking;  five  have  pink  scarfs  ; 
how  many  have  not? 

5.  A  large  mouth  ate  five  out  of  nine  dumplings;  how 
many  were  left  ? 

t>.  Mary  had  ten  strings  .of  chinquepins ;  she  gave  five 
to  Sarah  ;   how  many  were  left  ? 

7.  Eleven  boys  are  playing  town  ball ;  if  five  are  on 
one  side  how  many  are  on  the  other  ';' 

8.  Twelve  bags  of  iiour  ;  after  five*  were  sold,  how  many 
remained  ? 

i>.  Thirteen  hands  arc  sent  to  work  on  the  road;  five 
of  them  lie  down  in  the  shade;  how  many  work  ? 

10.   Five  men  out  of  fourteen   are  six  feet   high;    how 
many  are  less  ? 

THE    TABLE. 
5    _    5     ~    0  10    —    5    =    f) 

b       r>       l  ii       r>       G 

7  5         2  12         5         7 

8  5         3  13         5         8 

9  5         4  14         5         9 

EXEKCI8ES. 

14  less  5  %  10  less  5  ?  15  less  5  \  6  less  3  ? 

ti  and  i%  13  less  5?  7  and  3'?  9  less  4? 

11   Jess  5  I  9  and  8?  12  less  5?  7  less  5: 

9  less  5  ]  7  less  (>  ?  6  less  5  ?  4  less  3  ? 

tj  and  5  ?  S  le^  5  .'  10  less  5?  7  less  f>  ? 

4   u-:..   9  *  10  less  4  !  3  and   li  1  2   an.!   8? 


2fl 


AUITIIMETIC. 


Lesson    Seventeenth.      Decreasing    by    Sixes. 

1.  Six  rats  made  their  nests  tinder  a  stack  of  fodder; 
the  c;it  caught  them  all ;   how  many  were  left? 

2.  If  we  work  six  days  out  of  seven,   on  how  many  do 
we  rest  P 

.'5.   Eight  pigs  are  in  the   pen  ;  if  six  are  spotted,  how 
many  are  not  spotted  ? 

4.  Of  nine   beehives  six  are   filled  with  honey;  how 
many  are  not  filled  V 

5.  Lizzie  has  painted   ten  pictures  ;  six-  have  frames  ; 
how  many  have  not  ? 

6.  Birdy  is  playing  with  eleven  keys  ;  if  he  keeps  six, 
how  many  will  be  lose? 

7.  Twelve  soldiers  are  inarching  ;  if  there  are  six  in  the 
front  rank,  how  many  will  there  be  in  the  rear  rank? 

8.  ff  six  flowers  are  pulled  from  a  boquet  of  thirteen, 
how  main-  remain  V 

9.  Fourteen  cows  are  in  the  pea  field  ;  six  are  lying 
down  ;  how  many  are  standing? 

10.   Fifteen  servants  are  dancing  to  the  banjo;  six  are 
men  ;  how  many  are  women  ? 


THE    TABLE. 

6  — 

6    =    0 

11 

6 

=   5 

7 

0             1 

12 

6 

<> 

8 

6         2 

VA 

6 

7 

9 

6       i 

14 

6 

8 

10 

KXKIt 

15 

OISES. 

b 

9 

9  loss  0  '? 
M    less  8  ? 
7  less  4  ? 
7  less  6  ? 
1  and  8  ? 
0    :rlld    5  I 

11     less      6l 

10  less    6? 

10  less    5? 

6  and    9? 

9  less    6? 
13  uss    0  ! 

7  and  6 
5  and  6 

8  less  3 
14  less  6 
12  less  5 

7  iind  5 

| 
\ 

? 

2 
2 

13  less  5? 
12  less  6  ? 

6  less  6? 

6  and  6? 

15  less  6? 
9   k-,S  $  * 

SUBTRACTION.  27 


Lesson   Eighteenth. — Decreasing   by  Sevens. 

1.  Seven  cakes  were  on,  a  plate;  John  ate  them  up; 
how  many  remained  ? 

•J.  Eight  pine  trees  grow  together;  seven  are  boxed  for 
turpentine  ;  how  many  are  not  ? 

81  Nine  servants  are  picking  cotton  ;  if  seven  are  wo- 
men, how  many  are  men  ? 

i.  Ten  sta.-ks  of  fodder  are  in  the  field;  seven  arc 
fenced  around  ;   how  many  are  not? 

5  Out  of  eleven  large  yams  seven  have  been  cut  with 
tli.'  hoe;   how  many  are  uncut? 

6.  Seven  out  of  twelve  cabins  arc  double  ;  how  many 
are  single  ? 

7.  In  a  family  of  thirteen  children  seven  are  boys;  how 
many  are  girls  ? 

8.  Fourteen  loads  of  wood  have  been  hauled,  of  which 
seven  were  light-wood  knots;   how  many  were  not? 

9.  Fifteen  martin  gourds  are  upon  a  pole;  seven  are 
empty  ;  how  many  are  occupied  ? 

10.   Of  sixteen  bales  of  cotton,   if  seven  are  hauled   at 
one  load,  how  many  would  he  left  for  another  ? 


THE    TABLE. 

7  — 

7  =  0 

12 

—  7 

m  5 

8 

7         1 

13 

7 

6 

9 

7         2 

14 

7 

7 

10 

7        3 

15 

7 

8 

11 

7         4 

EXER< 

16 

hises. 

7 

9 

.6  less  7  ? 

15  less  6? 

10  less 

5? 

4  and  9? 

9  less  7  ? 

17  less  7  ? 

13  less  6 

6  and  8? 

5  and  6  ? 

8  less  1% 

9  less 

5? 

12  less  7  ? 

9  and  4  1 

7  and  7  ? 

16  less  7?  • 

14  less  4? 

8  and  4  % 

10  less  7? 

12  less 

7? 

7  and  9? 

6  and  7  1 

15  less  7? 

11  less 

71 

13  less  7? 

28 


ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson    Nineteenth. —  Decreasing   by   Eights. 

1.  A  boy  who  bad  eight  jackets  hunt  had  worn  thorn  all 
out;  how  many  were  left V 

2.  Nine  bacon  aides  were  hanging  in  the  smoke  house; 
eight  have  been  given  out  ;  bow   many  are  left.? 

3.  James  bought  let)   plugs  ol  tobacco;  after  chewing 
eight  how  many  were  hi.  V 

4.  Bought  eleven  dozen  egg*  ;  eight  dozen  only  were 
fresh  ;   how  many  wore  spoiled: 

5.  Take  eight  bales  ol'  cotton   from    twelve   bales,  and 
how  many  will  be  left? 

0.   Thirteen  girls  were  in  two  classes;  if  eight  are  in 
one  how  many  are  there  in  the.  other? 

7.  Fourteen  spinning  wheels  are  at  the  shop  ;  when 
eight  are  sold  how  many  will  be  left  ? 

8.  Sarah  has  fifteen  books;  eight  of  them  contain  pic- 
tures; how  many  do  not  V 

0.  Sixteen  hogs  are- in  the  pen  ;  if  eight  are  killed  how 
many  will  be  left  ? 

10.  Seventeen  dead  trees  were  in  the  field,  but  the  wind 
blew  down  eight;  how  many  are  standing  ? 


THE    TAHLE. 

8  — 

8    =    0 

13 

—  8 

=  5 

9 

8         1 

14 

8 

0 

10 

8        2 

15 

8 

7 

11 

8         3 

10 

8 

8 

12 

8        4 

EXER 

17 

CI6ES. 

8 

9 

16  less-8? 

9  less  4? 

13  less 

8? 

15  less  7? 

15  less  8  ? 

7  and  1)  ? 

14  less 

7? 

12  less  %% 

10  loss  8  1 

13  leys  7? 

0  and  9? 

11  less  8? 

6  and  8  1 

•    9  less  5? 

13  less 

7? 

17  loss  8? 

15   loss  8  ? 

10  leas  8? 

12  less  7? 

9  less  8? 

12  less  6  ] 

7  an-d  9  % 

10  less 

3? 

14  less  8? 

sen  nt  actio*:. 


20 


Lesson    Twentieth. — Decreasing   by    Nines. 

1.  Nim*  piles  of  brush  are  burning;  when  they  are  ali 
out,  how  many  will  remain  ? 

i,  Nine  out  of  tew  jars  of  iard  have  been  used;  how 
many  remained  ? 

3.  If  n  fence  is  eleven  rails  high  and  nine  of  them  arc 
old,  hew  many  are  new  7 

4.  Twelve  chairs  are  in  a  room  ;  if  nine  are  split  bot- 
tomed, how  many  are  not  ? 

5.  At  my  quarters  there  are  thirteen  chimnevs,  nine  of 
which  are  built  with  sticks  ;  how  many  are  not  V 

o\  Fourteen  shuck  ]>ens  stand  in  a  row  ;  nine  are  full; 
how  many  have  been  emptied? 

7.  Out  of  fifteen  days  John  rode  to  school  nine  times  ; 
how  often  did  he  walk  ? 

8.  Sixteen  plows  are  at  the  shop;  nine  are  scooters  ; 
how  many  are  not  ? 

9.  Seventeen  plates  were  in  a  tray ;  Sallie  upset  the 
tray  and  nine  were  broken  ;  how  many  were  not  ? 

10.  Eighteen  sacks  of  salt  were  on  the  wagon  ;  nine 
have  been  carried  into  the  smoke  house ;  how  many  are 
left  I 


THE    TABLE. 


9 
10 
11 
12 
13 


14 
15 
16 
17 

18 


9  =  5 

9  6 

9  7 

9  8 

9  9 


EXERCISES. 

15  lew    9?     16  less    8?     8  less  2?     9  less  9? 

5  and    4(1     12  less    9?     9  and  5?  11  less  9? 

17  less    81     36  lees    9?  19  less  9?  15  less  0? 

12  less    8?     18  less    9?     4  and  6  %  10  less  9? 

13  less    9?      9  and    5?  17  less  9?    7  and  6? 


no 


ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson    Twenty-first. — Decreasing  l>y  Tens. 

1.  Ten  boys  were  playing  ball  ;   when  they  all  stopped 
how  many  were  .still  playing? 

2.  Eleven  pigeons  have  alighted  on  their  house;    if  ten 
fly  off,  how  many  will  be  left  ? 

.'3.  Twelve  wagons  are  on  the  road  ;  if  ten  of  them  have 
loads  how  many  have  not? 

4.  Thirteen  shawls  are  hanging  in  a  row  ;  if  ten  of  them 
are  removed,  how  many  will  remain  ? 

5.  Take  ten  pods  of  pepper  from  a  string  of  fourteen 
pods,  how  many  will  remain  ? 

0.    A  girl  who  has  fifteen  dimes  spends  ten  ;  how  many 
are  left  ? 

7.  John  is  sixteen  years  old;  Henry  is  ten  years;  re- 
quired the  difference  of  their  ages  ? 

8.  If  ten  pupils  stay  at  home  from  a  class  of  seventeen, 
how  many  will  be  present? 

9.  Eighteen  fruit  trees  are  in  the  garden;  ten  of  them 
are  in  bloom  ;  how  many  are  not? 

10.  The  distance  between  two  places  is  nineteen  miles; 
if  we  have  traveled  ten,  how  many  more  must  we  travel  ? 


THE    TABLE. 

10 

— 

10  ~ 

0 

15 

—  10  =s 

5 

11 

10 

1 

16 

10 

6 

12 

10 

2 

17 

10 

7 

13 

10 

3 

18 

10 

8 

14 

10 

4 

19 

10 

9 

EXERCISES. 

18  less 

10? 

15  1 

ess 

9?  12  less 

6?  17  less  10? 

9  and 

7? 

15  less 

8?  16  less 

10?  18  less 

9? 

14  less 

7? 

17  less 

9?  13  less 

10?  10  less 

7? 

12  less  10? 

19  1 

ess 

6?  14  less  10?  10  1 

3SS 

4? 

8  and 

6? 

13  less 

9?  17  less 

8?  19  1 

ess 

10? 

10  less 

10? 

17  1 

fcas 

9? 

12  less 

6M5  1 

JSS 

8? 

SUBTRACTION.  itt 


Lesson   Twenty-second. — Miscellaneous    Questions. 

1.  Henry  had  eight  peaches,  but  he  gave  three  to  his 
sister  ;  'now  many  did  he  have  left? 

'2.  Mary  had  ten  dunes  in  her  purse,  but  she  lost  four 
of  them  ;  how  many  had  she  left  ? 

3.  The  dog  had  nine  puppies,  but  six  of  them  were 
drowned  ;  bow  many  had  she  left  ? 

4.  The  hen  had  fourteen  chickens,  but  she  raised  only 
six  of  them  ;  how  marly  did  she  lose  ? 

5.  Katie  had  thirteen  chestnuts,  of  which  eight  were 
roasted  ;   how  many  were  not  roasted? 

(5.  Ei^hteeri  girts  went  up  to  recite,  but  seven  were  sent 
to  their  seats  for  not  knowing  tlvoir  lessons;  how  many 
remained  ? 

7.  Sarah  has  twelve  apples;  she  gives  two  to  George 
and  two  to  Rirdy  ;  how  many  has  she  for  herself? 

,8.  Carrie  had  nine  pencils  ;  she  lost  three  and  gave  one 
each  to  her  two  little  brothers;  how  many  are  left? 

0.  Twelve  eggs  are  boiling ;  four  are  taken  out  by  James 
and  three  by  John  ;  how  many  are  left? 

10.  Mary  has  three  pies,  but  gives  away  two  peaches; 
what  has'she  left  ?     Why? 

11.  John  found  six  marbles  and  his  mother  gave  him 
three  more  ;  but  he  owed  fifteen  marbles  ;  how  many  did 
he  still  need  ? 

12.  There  are  fourteen  sheets  oi  paper  on  the  table;  two 
of  them  are  yellow,  five  are  brown,  and  the  rest  are 
while;  how  many  are  white ?  / 


32 


AllITHMETiC. 


6+4+3—2? 
5-f-<5  +  4 — 2? 

4+7+3-4? 
5+2+4— 31 
3+7_2+4? 
8  +  5—44-3? 
5  +  5—3+4? 
6+9—2—4? 
9+3— 5+2? 
8+6—3—4? 
9_|_4_2_5? 
8—3+4+6? 
7__4+5+8  ? 
0—6+4—  3? 
8—3+4+5? 
7+5_3_4? 

S+6— 5+6  ? 


EXERCISES. 

12—3—2—4? 

14_5_:j+g? 

15.  |-3-9—  2? 
13+0—4+8? 
12—5+4—2? 
11+0—2—3? 
14_3+9—2? 
16—2—3+4? 

5+4+6+3? 

7+9+3+6? 

4+9_2+5  ? 
13_4+6— 7? 
12+6—4—2  ? 
15+4—3—4? 

8+9+4—5  ? 

9+8+7—3? 

4„9+o+4? 


4+2+1+5+3? 

5+3+2+3+4? 
3+^+4+1+3? 
2+4+3+2+1 ? 
8+1+3+4+2? 
3+5+2+5+4? 
5+2+3+4+5? 
3+4+2+5+6? 
2+2+4+4+3? 
5+4+3+6+2? 
4+5+3+5+2? 
6+3+2+4+1? 
8+2+1+3+2? 
9+3+4+5+3? 
3+4+2+4+3  ? 
6+3+2+4+5  ? 
4+5+3+6+2? 


Notk.— Lotnot  the  Teacher  bo  alarmed  at  this  array  of  figures,  or  lay 
it  asido  without  faithful  trial.  The  author,  in  thin  little  Prime*,  merely 
indicates  the  outline  of  his  ooriroe.  A  great  many  additional  examples 
.should  bV  mtide  bv  the  Teacher  at  every  step  iu  the  progress  of  his  class. 


MtTLTIPLlCATIOK. 


tt 


MULTIPLICATION. 


To  the  Teacher. 

Multiplication  consists  in  successive  additions  of  the 
same  number.  Availing  himself  of  this  fact,  the  author 
has  adopted,  with  great  success,  the  following  plan  for 
teaching  the  multiplication  table  to  young  children  : 

The  floor  of  the  room  is  supposed  to  be  divided  into 
nine  compartments,  thus: 


l_i.  ...£_: 

I  i  t 

I  i 

H ; 


A  tenth  compartment  is  supposed  to  be  on  the  ceiling 
directly  over  the  middle  one  on  the  floor. 

In  each  of  these  compartments  a  digit  is  to  be  written 
with  chalk.  The  cypher  being  supposed  to  be  written  in 
the  compartment  on  the  ceiling,  thus  : 


lj 

!      1 
l| 

2 

3  ! 

!  * 

5 

«  1 

L7_ 

8 



»  1! 

Every  thing  is  now  ready.  Begin  by  counting.  The 
class  may  be  placed  on  the  line  indicated  by  the  figures 
2,  5,  8,  with  their  faces  toward  the  line  3,  6,  9.  Pointing 
to  each  figure  as  they  advance,  the  class  repeats,  in  cons 
cert,  as  follows :  3,  6,  9,  12,  15,  18,  21,  24,  27,  30.  Care 
2 


34 


ARITHMETIC. 


must  be  taken  to  make  the  pupils  understand  that,  when 
adding  by  threes,  they  cannot  go  from  9  to  2 ,  that  the  2 
is  only  the  final  figure  and  the  number  becomes  12  ;  so, 
from  18  to  1,  the  1  becomes  21,  and  so  on. 

It  is  neither  desirable  nor  necessary  to  stop  the  process 
at  thirty.  Continue  thus:  33,  36,  $9,  42,  &c,  at  the 
teacher's  pleasure.  Ahodyscdun  U  from  whatever 

number  you  may  have  ascended  to. 

What  has  been  stated  above  as  to  counting  by  threes, 
holds  good  for  the  other  odd  numbers,  except  five.  Ar- 
range the  class  always  ^o  front  towards  the  line  in  which 
the  number  they  are  to  increase  by  is  found.  The  num- 
ber five  is  so  simple  a  one  to  count  by  that  no  directions 
are  necessary  for  it. 

To  count  by  the  even  numbers,  let  the  class  face  the 
number,  and  five  motions  of  the  arm  will  always  point  out 
the  proper  unit  figure  in  the  number  required.  These  five 
motions  are:  first,  to  the  front ;  second,  to  the  left ;  third, 
to  the  right ;   fourth,  to  the  rear  ;  and  fifth,  to  the  0. 

Illustration:  Suppose  it  is  required  to  count  by  twos. 
The  diagram  on  the  lloor  may  then  be  represented  thus: 


1 

* 

3 

5 

6      [ 

s 

9 

9 

The  exercise  will  proceed :  front,  2  ;  left,  1  ;  right,  6 ; 
rear,  8;  overhead,  10;  front,  12;  left,  li;  right,  16; 
rear  18;  overhead  20,  and  so  on.  Practice  counting  for- 
wards and  backwards. 

It  may  be  required  to  begin  with  an  odd  number  and 
increase  by  an  even  number.  Five  motions  of  the  arm 
are  again  sufficient,   viz :     Two  in  front,   one  underfoot, 


MULTIPLICATION.  35 


and  (wo  in  the  rear,  (first,  front  left ;  second,  front  right; 
third,  downwards ;  fourth,  rear  left  ;  fifth,  rear  right.) 
These  movements  describe  the  letter  Z. 

These  exercises  should  proceed  daily  until  each  pupil 
can  readily  count  forwards  and  backwards  to  the  number 
of  twenty  additions  without  the  motion  of  the  arm.  These 
motions  and  the  numbers  on  the  floor  being  mere  scaffold- 
in-',  should  be  dispensed  with  as  soon  as  possible. 

Tint  what  has  all  this  to  do  with  multiplication?  Eve- 
rything with  multiplication  and  everything  with  division. 
Instead  ol  c  Hinting  4,  S,  12.  1G,  20,  and  so  on,  let  the 
class  begin  in  concert  to  add  the  multiplication  formula,* 
which  is  .-ill  that  is  required;  thus:  ')nce  four  is  four; 
two  times  four  are  8  ;  three  times  four  are  12,  and  so  on. 

Instead  of  counting  backwards  thus:  :J0,  24,  18,  12,  (5, 
add  trie  division  formula  thus:  (5  into  80,  five  times  ;  6 
into  24,  t'o.ur  times;  6  into  18,  three  times;  u  into  12 
two  times;  6  into  6,  once. 

The  slate  and  the  blackboard  should  be  brought  into 
frequent  requisition  in  all  this  training.  If  the  pupil 
frequently  recites  out  the  columns  (2,  3,  4,  &c.,)  he  will 
become  much  more  perfectly  acquainted  with  them  than 
by  any  other  process. 


*The  formula  is  elliptical :  expressed  fully  it  ln'couien  four  taken  five 
Jiiues  becomes  (are)  twenty.  That  is,  abbreviated,  five  times  four  are 
twenty. 


36 


ARITHMETIC. 


MULTIPLICATION. 


Le«son  Twenty-third. — Increasing  by  Twos. 


1.  At  one  cent  each  what  will  be  the  cost  of  two  apples  ? 

2.  At  two  cents  each  required  the  cost  of  two  peaches. 

3.  If  one  cap  costs  two  dollars,  how  much  will  three 
caps  cost  ? 

4.  If  one  gun  costs  two  dollars,  what  will  four  gun* 
cost? 

5.  Required  the  cost  of  five  pencils  at  two  cents  each. 

6.  Required  the  cost  of  six  books  at  two  dollars  each. 

7.  How  much  will  seven  buckles  cost  at  two  cents  each? 

8.  One  pair  of  shoes  cost  two  dollars ;    required  the 
cost  of  eight  pairs. 

9.  One  hammer  costs  two  dimes  ;  what  will  nine  ham- 
mers cost? 

10.  Ten  tops  will  cost  how  much,  if  one  cost  two  cents  ? 


THE    TABLE. 

I 

x   2 

=  2 

6 

x   2  = 

=   12 

a 

2 

4 

7 

2 

14 

8 

2 

6 

8 

2 

16 

4 

2 

8 

9 

2 

18 

5 

2 

10 

10 

2 

20 

MtTLTTPLICATION. 


EXEKOISES. 


2  times  a?    4  times  2? 


4  times  21 

2  times  11 

3  times  2? 
10  times  21 
13    less   6? 

4  times  2? 


8  times  1  1 

9  times  2] 
6  times  2  1 
8  times  2? 
2  times  6  ? 
8  times  2? 


7  times  6  ? 
2  times  7  ? 
5  times  2? 
4  times  2  ? 
2  times  7  ? 


and 
and 


8? 

11 


Lesson  Twenty-fourth.—- Increasing 


37 


2  times  9 1 
8  times  21 

3  times  21 

6  and   9? 
12   less   9? 

3  times  2 1 

7  times  2? 
by  Threes. 


3            6 

9 

i             o 

8 

1             4 

7 

1.  What  cost  three  marbles  at  one  cent  each  ? 

2.  How  much  will  two  pens  cost  at  three  cents  each? 

3.  If.  three  boys  each  recite  three  lessons,  how  many 
will  they  all  recite? 

4.  Four  girls  have  each  three  dolls ;  how  many  have 
they  all.? 

5.  Three  bottles  of  ink  at  five  cents  each  will  cost  how 
much  ? 

6.  There  are  three  nests,  each  containing  six  eggs  ;  how 
many  eggs  in  all  three  ? 

7.  If  there  are  seven  pounds  of  butter  in  each  of  three 
boxes,  how  many  pounds  will  that  make  ? 

8.  Eight  boys  have  each  three  cents ;  how  manv  have 
they  all  ? 

9.  Three  oranges  at  nine  cents  apiece  will  cost  how 
much  ? 

10.  In  one  dime  there  are  ten  centg  ;  how  many  cents  in 
three  dimes  ? 


38 

ARITHMETIC. 

TIIE    TABLE. 

1     X 

3=3 

6 

X 

3 

=   18 

25 

3           6 

7 

3 

21 

3 

3           9 

8 

3 

24 

4 

3         12 

9 

3 

27 

5 

3         15 

10 

3 

30 

EXERCISES. 

3  times  3? 

5    ;md    0? 

1  times 

? 

4  times  3  ? 

9  times  21 

2  times  3? 

8  times 

a 

? 

1    and    7  \ 

7  limes  3? 

8  rim.s  3* 

12       i'SS 

9 

? 

6  times  3? 

16    and    91 

4  times  2  * 

5  times 

3 

? 

9  times  31 

[Q    less   8? 

3  times  9? 

4  times 

3 

> 

7  times  3? 

1    and    7'? 

9  times  3? 

11     less 

5 

? 

8    less    3? 

3  times  2? 

9  times  4? 

5  times 

3 

£ 

5  times  8  ? 

Lesson  Twenty-fifth.— Increasing  by  Fours. 


1  7 

1 

4 

i 

i 

!9 

5 

2 

9 

6 

3 

1.  Four  tumblers  each  holding  one  pint  would  contain 
how  much  ? 

2.  Two  rooms  each   contain   lour  windows,  have  how 
many  in  all  ? 

3.  Three  cats  have  each  four  legs ;  how  many  legs  have 
they  all  ? 

4.  Four  vests  are  each  to  have  four  buttons  ;  how  many 
will  be  required  ? 


MULTIPLICATION. 


39 


5.  How  many  pencils  will  there  be  in  five  boxes  if  each 
box  contains  four? 

6.  How  many  horses  are   there  in   four    teams  if  each 
team  consists  of  six  horses  ? 

7.  Seven  trees  are  in  a  row,  .-urn  there  are  four  rows  ; 
how  many  trees  will  that  make? 

8.  What  is  the  joint  age  of  four  girls  who  are  each  eight 
years  old? 

Q,    A  four  sided  pig-pen  has  nine  rails  in  each  side  ;  how 
many  rails  ? 

ten  dimes 


10.   In  a  dollar  there  arc- 
are  there  in  four  dollars  ? 

THE 


how  many  dimes 


TAKLK. 


4 

8 

12 
10 
20 


8 

9 

10 


li 


times  4  I 
less  91 
5  times  4  \ 
9  times  4  1 
2  times  1  ? 


exercises. 
times,  3  ?       3  times  4  ? 


0 

4  times  4? 

9  times  3  i 

4  times  4  % 

5  times  4? 


1  times  4? 
8  times  4? 

5  ana    91 

6  times  4'? 


=  24 

28 
32 
36 
40 

4  times  6? 

7  times  4? 
9  and  7? 
9  times  6? 

8  times  5? 


Lesson  Twenty-Sixth— Increasing  by  Fives. 


40 


ARITHMETIC. 


1.  At  one  dollar  each  what  will  five  capes  cost  ? 

2.  At  five  dollars  each  two  bonnets  will  cost  how  much  ? 

3.  If  cotton  thread  costs  five  cents  a  spool,  how  much 
will  three  spools  cost? 

4.  If  four  plates  contain  each  five  potatoes,  how  many 
do  they  all  contain  ? 

5.  What  cost  five  oranges  at  five  cents  each  ? 

6.  Required  the  cost  of  five  sheep  at  six  dollars  apiece? 

7.  How  much  will  seven  guns  cost  at  five  dollars  each  ? 

8.  Every  boy  ought  to  have  eight  fingers  ;  how  many 
ought  five  boys  to  have  ? 

9.  Five  clusters  each   contain   nine  pods ;  how  many 
pods  will  the  five  contain? 

10.  Five  piles  each  contain  ten  dollars ;  how  many  dol- 
lars in  all  V 


THE    1 

WBLE. 

1     X 

5=5 

6x5 

=  30 

2 

5         10 

7         5 

35 

8 

5         15 

8         5 

40 

4 

5         20 

9         5 

45 

5 

5         25 

EXER< 

10         5 

3ISES. 

50 

2  times  2? 

4  times  5  1 

9  times  5  ? 

7  times  5 1 

8  times  4? 

8  times  3  % 

7  times  4  ? 

1  times  5  ? 

5  times  5  ? 

2  times  5  ? 

3  times  5? 

5  times  4? 

4  times  4? 

8  times  5? 

6  times  5  ? 

9  times  4  ? 

6  times  5? 

7  times  5  1 

4  times  5  ? 

9  times  5? 

4    and    91 

6  times  4? 

3  times  4  ? 

7  times  5  ? 

4  times  5  ? 

9  times  5? 

13   less   2? 

15    less    6? 

5  times  5  1 

8  times  6  ? 

10  times  3? 

2  times  6? 

3  times  4? 

9  times  9  ? 

8  times  9  ] 

3  times  2? 

8  times  31 

7  times  4? 

5  times  4? 

8  times  4? 

3   and    9? 

4  times  3  % 

16   less   9? 

9  times  4 1 

MULTIPLICATION. 


41 


Lesson  Twenty-Seventh—Increasing  by  Sixes. 


1.  Required  the  cost  of  six  screws  at  one  cent  apiece. 

2.  At  two  dollars  each  what  will  six  handkerchiefs  cost? 

3.  If  six  boys  can  sit  on  a  bench,  how  many  can  sit  on 
three  benches  ? 

4.  How  much  must  I  pay  for  four  pounds  of  soap  at 
six  cents  per  pound  ? 

5.  One  spool  costs  five  cents  ;  required  the  cost  of  six 
spools. 

6.  Six  balls  will  cost  how  much  at  six  cents  apiece? 

7.  What  number  of  yards  in  six  dresses  if  there  aie 
seven  yards  in  each  ? 

8.  In  each  wagon  are  six  barrels  ;  how  many  are  there 
in  eight  wagons  ? 

9.  John  gave  nine  marbles  to  each  ot  six  little  boys; 
how  many  did  he  give  away  ? 

10.  Ten  mills  make  a  cent ;  how  many  mills  in  six  cents? 


/ 

THE  1 

'ABLE. 

1  X  6  r 

=   6 

6x6  = 

^  36 

2    6 

12 

7 

6 

42 

3    6 

18 

8 

6 

48 

• 

4    6 

24 

9 

6 

54 

5    6 

30 

10 

6 

60 

42 


ARITHMETIC. 


EXERCISES. 


5  times  (5  ? 
i)  times  5  ? 
!  time  6  ? 
7  times  4  * 
5  times  6  ? 


4  times  6  ? 
9  times  2  ? 

3  times  5  .' 
6  times  6  ? 

4  times  4  \ 


5  times  6  ? 
■Slimes  4? 
11  less  SI 
3  times  6  ? 
(')  times  6? 


9  and  5? 
7  times  6  1 
6  times  6  ? 
4  times  5  ? 
2  times  6 ? 


Lesson  Twenty-Eighth.— Increasing  by  Sevens. 


7            4 

1 

II      S             5 

1 

ii 

3 

Ii 

9           6 

J __ 

1.  What  will  seven  sticks  of  candy  cost  at  one  cent  a 
stick? 

2.  How  much  will  two  suits  of  clothes  cost  at  seven 
dollars  a  suit  ? 

8.  Three  little  girls  had  each  seven  ehinquepins  ;  how 
many  did  all  have? 

4.  At  the  carriage  shop  are  seven  buggies,  each  with 
four  wheels ;  how  many  wheels  have  they  all  ? 

5.  There  are  seven  days  in  one  week  ;  how  many  days 
in  five  weeks  ? 

6.  The  merchant  has  seven  boxes  of  ink,  each  contain- 
ing six  bottles  ;  how  many  bottles  has  he? 

7.  Seven  buttons  on  seven  coats  make  how  many? 

8.  If  eight  boys  have  each  seven  books,  how  many  have 
they  all  ? 

9.  How  much  will  seven  barrels  of  flour  cost  at  nine 
dollars  a  barrel  ? 

10.  Ten  dollars  makes  one  eagle  ;  how  many  dollars  in 
seven  eagles  ? 


MULTIPLICATION. 


43 


THE    TABLE. 

1     X 

7 

—     7 

6 

X 

7 

=  42 

o 

14 

* 

7 

49 

Q 
O 

7 

21 

8 

7 

50 

4 

7 

28 

0 

7 

63 

5 

7 

35 

10 

7 

70 

EXERCISES. 

6  times  7  ? 

7 

times  7  1 

5  times 

7? 

9  times  7  ? 

o  times  6  ? 

1  times  7  ? 

3  times 

7? 

4  times  6  ? 

9  times  6  ? 

5 

times  7  ? 

14    less 

5? 

6  times  7  ? 

i  times  7  * 

9 

times  5  1 

8  times  7  '? 

7  titnes  71 

4  times  6  ? 

7  times  8  ? 

2  times 

7? 

4  times  7  ? 

^  times  9  1 

8  times  7? 

5  times  (S  ? 

3  times  7? 

5  times  7  ? 

2  times  7? 

7  times 

7? 

4  times  7  ? 

Lesson  Twenty-Ninth.— Increasing;  by  Eights. 


!;  o 

8 

it 

;j    0 

ii  w 

0 

1; 
4 

ii    3 

$ 

1 
1 

1.  Eight  cakes  cost  how  much  at  one  cent  apiece  ? 

2.  Two  legs  to  each  pair  of  tongs  ;  how  many  legs  to 
eight  pairs  ? 

3.  What  will  eight   penknives  cost  at   three  dollars 
j.  piece? 

4.  If  one  cedar  pencil  costs  eight  cents,  what  will  four 
cost  ? 

5.  Required  the  cost  of  eight  calves  at  five  dollars  each. 


44 


ARITHMETIC. 


6.  How  much  must  T  pay  for  six  pumpkins  at  eight 
cents  apiece  ? 

7.  There  are  seven  rows  of  trees  and  eight  in  a  row ; 
how  many  trees  ? 

8.  On  a  checker-board  there  are  eight  rows  of  squares 
and  eight  in  a  row  ;  how  many  squares  ? 

9.  A  train  of  nine  cars,  and  each  car  has  eight  wheels  ; 
required  the  whole  number  of  wheels? 

10.   What  will  be  the  cost  or'  eight  brass  clocks  at  ten 
dollars  each  ? 


THE 

TABLE. 

1      X 

8   =   8 

6    x 

8 

=  48 

'2 

S       10 

i 

8 

56 

3 

8       24 

8 

8 

64 

4 

8       32 

9 

8 

72 

5 

8       40 

10 

S 

SO 

EXERCISES. 

7  times  8 '? 

9  times  8  ? 

3  times  8? 

4  times  8  ? 

9  times  8  ? 

4  times  8  ? 

1  times  8  ? 

6  times  8  ? 

5  times  7  ? 

6  times  7 "? 

8  times  7  1 

9  times  7  ? 

4  times  7  I 

4  times  8  ? 

5  times  8  ? 

9  times  8  ? 

2  times  8  ? 

6  times  8  ? 

9  times  8 ? 

5  times  7? 

b  times  8  ? 

8  times  7  ? 

3  times  8  ? 

2  times  7? 

Lesson  Thirtieth.— -Increasing  by  Nines. 


1 7 

9 

8 

ll 
7 

6 

5 

4 

1   i 

3 

2 

MULTIPLICATION, 


45 


1 .  Nine  girls  have  each  one  cent ;  how  many  have  they 
all? 

2.  If  one  urn  costs  nine  dollars,  how  much  will  two 
urns  cost  ? 

8.  One  bottle  of  medicine  costs  three  dollars  ;  how  much 
will  nine  bottles  cost? 

4.  Four  buckets  contain  each  nine  quarts  of  milk  ;  how 
much  do  all  the  buckets  contain  ? 

5.  Nine  long  words  each  of  five  syllables,  contain  how 
many  syllables  ? 

6.  How  much  will  six  papers  of  needles  cost  at  nine 
cents  a  paper  ? 

7.  Seven  yards  of  trimming  at  nine  cents  per  yard  will 
cost  how  much  ? 

8.  What  must  I  pay  for  nine  cords  of  wood  at  eight 
dollars  a  cord  ? 

9.  Nine  girls  each  learn  nine  hymns  ;  how  many  did 
all  learn  ? 

10.  Required  the  weight  of  ten  lumps  of  butter,  each 
weighing  nine  pounds. 


THE    TABLE, 

1   4- 

9=    9 

6  +  9 

=  54 

2 

9       18 

7        9 

63 

3 

9       27 

8        9 

72 

4 

.9       3(5 

9        9 

81 

5 

9       45 

BXER 

10        9 

CI8ES. 

90 

7  times  9  ? 

5  times  8  ? 

3  times  9  1 

8  times  8  ? 

3  times  8  ? 

8  times  9  ? 

5  times  7? 

4  times  9  ? 

6  times  7  ? 

9  times  7  ? 

6  times  8  ? 

9  times  9  ? 

4  times  9  ? 

2  times  9  ? 

4  times  9  1 

7  times  7  ? 

5  times  9  ? 

6  times  9  ? 

9  times  7  ? 

8  times  7  ? 

3  times  7  ? 

4  times  8  ? 

6  times  7  ? 

9  times  8  1 

7  times  9  ? 

3  times  8 1 

5  times  9  ? 

8  times  7  ? 

46  ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  Thirty-first.— Miscellaneous  Questions. 

1.  Three  little  girls  have  each  four  fingers  on  each 
hand  ;  how  many  lingers  have  they  all  ? 

•2.   How  many  legs  have  seven  horses  ? 

i7!.  I  have  three  rakes  with  eight  teeth  each,  how  many 
teeth  have  they  all  V 

4.  How  many  hands  and  feet  have  six  little  girls  V 

5.  There  are  four  windows  in  my  room,  each  with  two 
sash  and  six  panes  of  glass  in  each  sash.  How  in  my 
panes  of  glass  are  there  in  the  room  ? 

6.  Eight  flies  have  how  many  feci  'J. 

7.  How  many  horns  and  feet  ought  eight  cows  io 
have? 

8.  A  railroad  car  has  four  wheels  on  each  side  ;  how 
many  wheels  have  eight  cars  ? 

9.  In  my  house  there  are  two  pictures  on  each  wall  of 
each  room  ;  how  many  pictures  are  there  in  four  rooms? 

10.  Two  meeting-houses  are  lighted  by  four  chan  Lei' 
icrs,  each  supporting  three  lamps  ;  how  many  lamps  in 
both? 

11.  I  have  five  jackets  each  with  seven  buttons  on  a 
side;  how  many  buttons  on  all  the  jackets  V 

12.  Mary  bought  three  boxes  each  with  four  cards  con> 
taining  six  hooks  and  eyes  ?  how  many  in  all  ? 

EXERCISES. 

4x0+2?*  2x2x3f  6x5—2 

8x7+3?  2x2x4'  5x4—3 

9x5+1?  2x2x5  7x0—4 

8x4+5?  3x2x4  Sx?— 2 

6x2+8?  2x3x4  6x8—3 

8x2+3?  4x2x3  9x5—6 

4x6+5?  6x2x4  8x9—3 

8x3+4?  0x2x3  9x9—2 

*  Either  4  timea  9  mhI  2  to  carry,  or  4  times  9  ami  2,  or  4  times  ;»  and 
two  ninths  of  nine, 
t  Bead  two  times  2  times  8,  (the  last  times  pronounced  tims.) 


DIVISION. 


47 


DIVISION. 


Lesson  Thirty-second.— Increasing  by  Twos. 


1 

5 

3 

II     4 

it 

«     i 

I  " 

8 

9      | 

1.  How  often  can  two  apples  be  taken  from  two  ap- 
ples ? 

2.  How  often  will  two  go  into  two  ? 

3.  Four  apples  are  to  be  divided  between  two  boys, 
how  many  will  each  one  get  ? 

4.  Six  cents  .will  buy  how  many  pencils  at  two  cents 
apiece  ? 

5.  How  many  cakes  at  two  cents  apiece  can  I  buy  for 
eight  cents? 

6.  Ten  dollars  to  be  divided  between    two  persons; 
how  much  will  each  receive  ? 

7.  Twelve   girls  sit  on   two  benches ;  how  many  are 
there  on  each  ? 

8.  Divide   fourteen   books   between    two   boys ;   how 
many  will  each  receive  ? 

9.  Sixteen  finger  rings  are  to  be  divided  between  two 
girls  ;  how  many  will  each  receive  ? 

10.  Eighteen  lights  of  glass  in  two  sashes  ;  how  many 
in  each  ? 

11.  Twenty  dollars  in  two  equal  notes ;  how  many  in 
each  note  ? 


48 


ARITHMETIC. 


2 
4 

6 

8 
10 


THE    TABLE. 
1  12 

14 

8  16 

4  18 

5  20 

EXERCISES. 


2  =  6 
2  7 
2  8 
2  9 
2       10 


2    into  6  ?  2  into    2  ?  3  times  9  ?  2  into    6  ? 

2    into  4  ?  2  into  10  ?  2  into  12  ?  2  into    8  ? 

5  times  4  1  5  times  7?  5  times  8  ?  2  into  14? 

9  times  5  ?  2  into  18  ?  3  times  9  1  2  into  16  ? 

7  times  9  ?  5  times  8  ?  9  times  7 ?  2  into  14 1 

5  times  6  ?  2  into  14  ?  9  times  8  ?  5  into  15  ? 


Lesson  Thirty-third. — Increasing  by  Threes. 


3 

6 

* 

2 

5 

8      1 

1 

4 

*  1 
i 

1.  Ilow  often  will  three  go  into  three  ? 

2.  If  you  divide  six  hair-pins  between  three  girls,  how 
many  will  each  one  receive  ? 

3.  A  father  wants  to  distribute  nine  books  among  his 
three  children  ;  how  many  will  each  child  receive? 

4.  Twelve  cherries  will  make\how  many  bunches  of 
three  each  ? 

5.  Three  squirrels  eat  fifteen    nuts ;    how   many  does 
each  one  eat  ? 


DIVISION. 


49 


6.  Eighteen  boys  are  to  be  seated  on  three  benches; 
how  many  should  sit  on  each  bench  ? 

7.  Twenty-one  days  make  three  weeks;  how  many 
days  in  one  week  ? 

8.  Twenty-four  wheels  are  to  three  cars;  how  many 
w heels  is  that  to  ea'ch  ? 

9.  Three  men  shoot  each  the  same  number  of  birds  ; 
together  they  have  twenty-seven.  How  many  did  each 
man  shoot  ? 

10.  Thirty   dimes  are    in   three    piles  ;   how  many  are 
there  in  eneh  ? 

THE    TABLE. 


3    : 

3 

=   1 

18     ~ 

3  =  6 

6 

3 

2 

21 

3         7 

9 

o 
•> 

a 

24 

3        8 

12 

3 

4 

27 

3        9 

i:> 

3 

5 

KXER( 

218 

30 

ES. 

3      10 

•  > 

3 
3 
2 

iuto  9? 

into  (5? 
into  9? 
into  8  : 
into  4? 

3 
3 
3 

•> 

into  15? 
into    3  \ 
into  18? 
into  301 
into  18? 

3 
3 
3 
2 
2 

into  27  \ 
into  24  ? 
into  30? 
intu   18? 
into   12  ? 

4  times 
9  times 
3  times 

5  times 
5  times 

5? 

11 
9? 

9? 

8  ? 

Lesson  Thirty-fourth. — Increasing  by  Fours. 


7 

4 

1      i 

1 

1  s 

5 

0 

6 

3 

60  ARITHMETIC. 


1.  Four  boys  divide  four  balls  between  themselves  ; 
how  many  is  that  to  each  t 

2.  Eight  wheels  are  sufficient  for  how  many   carria- 
ges ? 

8    Divide  twelve  marbles  among  four  boys  ;  required 
each  one's  share  ? 

4.  Sixteen  legs  are  sufficient  to  make  how  many  tables, 
each  with  four  legs  ? 

5.  Divide  twenty  dollars  equally  between  four  poor 
families ;  what  amount  will  each  receive  ? 

6.  Four  wagons  haul    twenty-four  bales    of  cotton ; 
how  many  bales  to  each  wagon? 

7.  Twenty-eight  soldiers   are   marching   in   ranks   of 
four  each  ;  how  many  soldiers  in  each  rank  ? 

8.  Thirty-two  pounds  of  sugar  will  till  how  many  f<>ur 
pound  bags? 

9.  Four   houses   have    thirty-six  rooms  ;    how  many 
rooms  in  eacja  house? 

10.  Forty  quarters  are  equal  to  how  many  dollars? 

THE    TABLE. 

4  +  4=1'  I           24  ~  4  =   6 

8         4         2  28         4         7 

12        4         3  32         4         8 

16         4         4  36         4         9 

20         4         5  40         4         10 

EXERCISES. 

4  into    4?  7  into  28?  4  into  12?  2  into  16? 

3  into    3?  3  into  24?  4  into  16?  4  into  12? 

4  into    8?  3  into  15?  4  into  24?  2  into  18? 
4  into  20?  3  into  18?  4  into  30?  4  into 

3  into  27?     3  into  15?     4  into  40?    4  into  36? 

4  into  32?     2  into  20?      6  into  18?     5  into  50? 
4  into  28?     5  into  30?     9  into  81,?     7  into  56? 


DIVISION. 


51 


Lesson  Thirty-fifth. — Increasing  by  Fives. 


;         i        >         I 

lj . L 

i 

ji — —  — 

It 1_  ;  . 


1.  Five  boys  have  five  canes ;  how  inany  have  each  ? 

2.  Five  cows  have  ten  horns;  how  many  have  each  ? 

3.  Divide   fifteen   pencils  among   five   scholars ;  how 
many  will  each  get  ? 

4.  Twenty  dollars  will   buy  how  many  hats  at  five 
dollars  each  ? 

5.  Twenty-five  cents   are   exchanged   for    five   equal 
change  bills  ;  required  the  value  of  each  ? 

6.  Distribute  thirty   cords   of  wood   equally  between 
6ve  poor  families;  how  many  cords  to  each  ? 

7.  At  five  cents  a  skein,  how  many  skeins  of  silk  will 
:hirty-five  cents  buy  ? 

8.  Forty  chairs  are  to  be   carried  in  one  trip  by  five 
nen  ;  how  many  chairs  must  each  one  carry  ? 

9.  Five  drays  are  to  haul  forty-five  barrels  in  one  trip; 
how  many  to  each  dray  ? 

10.  Exchange  a  fifty  dollar  note  for  five  equal  smaller 
notes;  required  the  value  of  each? 


5 

-s-  5  ± 

=   1 

LAU.L..&.. 

30  - 

r-    5     = 

G 

10 

5 

2 

35 

5 

7 

15 

5 

3 

40 

5 

8 

20 

5 

4 

45 

5 

9 

25 

5 

5 

50 

5 

10 

52 


ARITHMETIC 


5  into   15? 

4  into  24? 

5  into  35 ? 
5  into  45? 
4  into  36? 


EXERCISES. 

3 

into 

27? 

5  into 

30? 

."> 

into 

:>? 

5 

into* 

25? 

5  into 

10? 

5 

into 

10? 

5 

into 

15? 

4  into 

12? 

3 

into 

24? 

5 

into 

20? 

3  into 

18? 

5 

into 

25  % 

2 

into 

10? 

3  into 

24? 

3 

into 

30? 

Lesson  Thirty-sixth. — Increasing  by  Sixes. 


3 

6 

9 

!       » 

5 

8     • 

1 

4 

7 

1.  How  often  will  six  go  into  six  ? 

2.  Six   boys  have    twelve    thumbs;    how    many  have 
each  ? 

3.  Eighteen  garments  are  to  be   divided    between   six 
men  ;  how  many  to  each  ? 

4.  Six  silver  forks  have  twenty-tour  tines ;  how  many 
has  each  fork? 

5.  Thirty  dollars  pay  (or  six  pairs  of  boots ;  required 
the  price  of  one  pair  ? 

6.  Thirty-six  chairs  are  in   six   rows  ;  how   many   are 
in  each  row  ? 

7.  The  joint  ages  of  six  girls  of  equal  age  was  forty- 
two  years  ;  what  was  the  age  of  each  ? 

8.  Forty-eight  lots  of  land  are  to  be  divided  equally  be- 
tween six  heirs  ;  how  many  does  each  one  receive? 

9.  Fifty-four  legs  are  sufficient  to  furnish  how  many 
rlies  ? 

10.  Sixty  acres  of  land  are  to  be  laid  off  in  six  lots  ;  how 
many  acres  will  each  contain? 


DIVISION. 

53 

THE    TABLE. 

6     -r- 

6  =   1 

36 

--:-   6 

=     6 

12 

6         2 

42 

6 

7 

18 

6        3 

48 

6 

8 

24 

6         4 

54 

6 

9 

30 

6         5 

60 

6 

10 

EXERCISES. 

6 

into  24? 

2  into 

16? 

6  into 

12? 

3 

into  21 ? 

♦'> 

into  30? 

6  into 

18? 

6  into 

6? 

6 

into  24? 

5 

into  35? 

3  into 

18? 

6  into 

42? 

5 

into  45? 

•4 

into  24? 

3  into 

9? 

6  into 

48? 

3 

into  27? 

4 

into  16? 

5  into 

50? 

6  into 

54? 

<; 

into  48? 

A 

into  12? 

3  into 

21? 

5  into 

45? 

0 

into  42? 

Lesson  Thirty-seventh.— Increasing  by  Sevens. 


jj'7 

4 

1 

8 

5 

2 

9 

6 

3 

1.  How  many  sevens  are  contained  in  seven  ? 

2.  A  dress  may  be  made  of  seven  yards  of  homespun ; 
how  many  dresses  will  fourteen  yards  make? 

3.  Twenty-one  days  make  how  many  weeks  ? 

4.  Seven  men  divide  twenty-eight  mules  equally  among 
themselves  ;  how  many  does  each  man  receive? 

o.  Thirty-five  acres  are  to  be  plowed  by  seven  men  ; 
what  should  be  the  task  of  each,  supposing  each  to  plow 
the  same  number  of  acres  ? 


54 


ARITHMETIC. 


8.   If  seven  pupils  sit  on  one  bench,  how  many  benches 
will  forty-two  pupils  need? 

7    Forty-nine  dinners  should  be  eaten  in  ihow  many 
weeks  ? 

8.   In  seven  hymns  of  equal  length  are  fifty-six  verses  ; 
how  many  verses  have  each  ? 

(.)    In   digging  over  seven    hills,   I   found    sixty-three 
large  yams  ;  how  many  was  that  to  the  hill  ? 

10.  Seven  boys  shoot  seventy  squirrels  ;  how  many  was 
that  apiece  ? 


7 

U 
21 
28 
35 

into  21  ? 
into  35? 
into  49? 
into  63? 
into  21  ? 
G  into  48? 


THE    TABLE. 

42 
49 
50 
63 
70 

EXERCISE8. 

into  42?  7  into  63? 
7  into  7? 
7  into  21? 
7  into  35? 
7  into  49  ? 
3  into  27  ? 


=  1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

7 

7  into  56? 

6  into  30  ? 

7  into  14? 
7  into  28? 
4  into  36? 


=  6 

7 

8 

9 

10 


into  24? 
into  28? 
into  42? 
into  36? 
into  70  ? 
into  45? 


lesson  Thirty-eighth.— Increasing  by  Eights. 


9 

8 

1 
7 

O 

| 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

■  ■■  ■:-:■  ■::■■:;:■< 

DIVISION. 


55 


1.  Fow  many  times  does  eight  contain  eight  ? 

2.  There  are  sixteen  blades    in    eight    knives  ;   how 
many  has  each  ? 

3.  Twenty-four  tierces  of  rice  will  make  how  many 
loads,  eight  tierces  being  a  load? 

4.  Suppose  a  rake  has  eight  teeth;  how  many  rakes 
would  thirty-two  teeth  furnish  ? 

5.  A   flute  has  eight    keys;    how   many   such    flutes 
would  forty  keys  furnish  ? 

G.  Sixty  four  books  arc  to  be  placed  upon  shelves  that 
hold  eight  books  each  ;  how  many  shelves  will  be  filled  ? 

7    If  there  are  eight  horses  to  a  team  ;  how  many  teams 
would  f]ft}--six  horses  make? 

8.  On  a  draughts  board   there  are  sixtj'-four  squares, 
and  eight  squares  in  a  row  ;  how  many  rows  are  there  V 

U.  Seventy-two  wheels  will  suffice  for  how  many  cars; 
eight  wheels  being  to  one  car? 

10.  Eighty  dollars  aro  in  eight  gold   pieces  ;  required 
the  value  of  each  ? 


THE    TABLE. 


8  -*-  8 

16  8 
24  8 
32  8 
40        8 


48 
56 
64 

72 
80 


6 

7 
8 
9 
10 


EXERCISES 


8  into  32? 

7  into  631 

8  into  64? 

7  into  35  ? 

8  into  56? 

3  into  27? 

4  into  28? 


into  36? 
into  24? 
into  48? 
into  27? 
into  32? 
into  45? 
into  64? 


into  24? 
ato  40? 
nto  161 

nto  64? 

nto  49? 

nto  30? 

into  49? 


into  8  ? 
into  72? 
into  80? 
into  48? 
into  48? 
into  72? 
into -60? 


56 


ARITHMETIC. 


Lesson  Thirty-Ninth—Increasing  by  Nines. 


9 

I  3 

8            7 

5             4 

1 

1.  How  many  times  is  nine  contained  in  nine  ? 

2.  Place  eighteen   chairs,    nine   in  a  row  ;  how  many 
rows  will  be  made  ? 

3.  Nine  families   have    twenty-seven    children  ;    how 
many  is  that  for  each  ? 

4.  Thirty -six  spools  of  cotton  are   to  be   divided    be- 
tween  nine  women  ;  how  many  are  given  to  each  ? 

5.  Forty-five  kegs  of  powder  are   to  be  distributed  to 
nine  regiments  ;  how  many  kegs  is  that  to  each  ? 

6.  Fifty-four  bales  of  cotton  are  hauled   to    market  by 
nine  wagons  ;  how  many  bales  to  the  wagon  ? 

7.  If  board  is  nine  dollars  a   week  ;  how  many  weeks 
will  sixty-three  dollars  pay  for  ? 

8.  Nine  merchants  buy  seventy-two  hogsheads  of  su- 
gar ;  how  many  apiece  ? 

y.  Eighty-one  trees  stand  in 
trees  are  there  in  each  row  ? 
10.   How  many  cents   in   one  c 
tain  ninety*  cents  ? 

THE    TABLE. 


9    - 

~  9  = 

:        1 

18 

9 

o 

27 

9 

3 

36 

9 

4 

45 

9 

5 

ine 

rows  ; 

how   many 

le, 

if  nine 

dimes  con- 

54 

—  9 

=     6 

63 

9 

7 

72 

9 

8 

81 

9 

9 

90 

9 

10 

DIVISION.  57 


EXERCISES. 

9  into  18?  3   into  27?  6  into  36  ?  9  into    15? 

8  into  64?  9  into  63?  8  into  321  9  into  811 

9  into  90?  9  into  9?  7  into  21?  9  into  72? 
7  into  63?  9  into  54?  7  into  35?  8  into  56? 
9  into  27  ?  8  into  48  ?  7  into  49  ?  8  into  32  ? 
9  into  81?  9  into  63?  6  in*©  24?  9  into  45? 


DIVISION, 


Lesson  Fortieth. — Miscellaneous  Questions. 

1.  A  father  bought  sixty-three  marbles  to  divide  among 
his  seven  boys ;  how  many  should  each  one  receive  ? 

2.  Nine  girls  agree  to  knit  seventy-two  pairs  of  gloves 
for  poor  children  ;  how  many  must  each  one  knit  ? 

3.  Henry  brought  home  eighteen  chestnuts ;  how  many 
burrs  must  he  have  cracked  to  get  them,  if  he  found  two 
chestnuts  in  each  burr  ? 

4.  A  cruel  boy  had  forty-twc  fly  legs;  how  many  flies 
must  he  have  killed  to  get  them  ? 

5.  One  dray  can  haul  seven  barrels  of  Hour  ;  how  many 
such  drays  will  be  required  to  haul  fifty-six  barrels  at  one 
trip  ? 

6.  I  see  sixty-four  fingers  ;  how  many  girls  must  they 
belong  to  ?    How  many  hands  ? 

7.  My  wagons  require  six  mules  to  the  team  ;  thirty 
mules  will  be  sufficient  for  how  man}^  wagons  ? 

8.  At  nine  lights  of  glass  to  a  sash,  how  many  sash 
will  seventy-two  lights  fill  ? 

9.  Forty-five  toes  belong  to  how  many  feet? 

10.  Eighty-one  soldiers  will  make  how  many  ranks  of 
nine  each  ? 

11.  If  there  are  seven  yards  in  a  dress,  how  many 
dresses  will  a  piece  of  cloth  measuring  forty-two  yards 
make  V 


58  ARITHMETIC. 


12.  Sixty  four  fruit  trees  are  to  be  planted  in  an  orchard; 
how  many  rows  will  they  make  if  there  are  eight  trees  in 
a  row  ? 

13.  [Tow  often  will  four  so  into  12?  86?  28?  24?  8? 
IG? 

14.  5  into  25?  40?  851  20?  15?  35?  45? 

15.  6  into  42?  30?  18?  54?  3(3?  48?  24?  12? 

16.  3  into  15  ?  6?  21  ?  27  ?  9  ?  18  ?  12  ?  24  ? 

42— 2-:-4  ?  *  13  +3—2  x  2  ?  f 

57— 3-f-6  ?  9  x  4£-3  x  2  ? 

454-4-J-7 1  8x5-2x2?. 

32+4-4-9?  2x9—3x3? 

54+2—8?  5x4—2x5? 

75_3_^-9?  6x4—4x2? 

8?_6—9?  6x6-3x3? 

48+6  +  6?  8x6—2x2? 

70—6—8?  23+5—2x2? 

*  Maybe  read  two  from  forty-two  leases  how  many  times  foar. 
t  May  be  read,  divido  two  tirnos  two  into  thirteen  and  three. 


MISCELLANEOUS    TABLES.  59 


MISCELLANEOUS  TABLES. 


TABLE  OF  UNITED  STATES  CURRENCY. 

10  Mills  mako  1  Cent,  marked  c. 

1<>  Cents                           "  1  Dime,                        "  d. 

10  Dimes                          "  1  Dollar,                      "  $. 

10  Dollars                      "  1  Eagle,                      "  E. 

TABLE  OF  ENGLISH  MONEY. 

4  Farthings  ir.ake  1  Pennv,  marked  d. 

12  Pence                           "  1  Shilling,                 "  s. 

2"  Shillings                         "  1  Pound,                       "  £. 

21  Shillings  sterling       "  1  (;uinea,                    "  G. 

28  Shillings  N.  E.              "  1  Guinea,                     *■  G. 

Note.— One  pound  Sterling  is  equal  to  $4.44  4-9  exchange 
ralue. 

TABLE  OF  TROY  WEIGHT. 

24  Grnin8  make        1  Pennyweight,       marked    pwt, 

20  Pennyweights  "  1  Ounce,  *4  oz. 

12  Ounces  "  1  Pound,  "  lb. 

TABLE  OF  APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT. 

20  Grains      make  '  1  Scruple. 

3  Scruples    *.*  1  Dram. 

8  Drains        *'  I  Ounce. 

12  Ounces       "  1  Pound. 

Apothecaries  mix  their  medicines  by  this  weight;  but  buy 
and  sell  by  Avoirdupois.  The  pound  and  ounce  of  this  weight 
are  the  same  as  in  Troy  Weight. 

TABLE  OF  AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 


16  Drams 

make    1  Ounce,                    marked    oz. 

16  Ounces 

1  Pound,                         "          lb. 

28  Pounds 

"       1  Quarter,                        «         qr. 

4  Quarters 

"       1  Hundred  Weight,       *       cwt. 

20  Hundred  Weight 

"       1  Ton,                            "       ton. 

60 


ARITHMETIC. 


By  this  weight  are  weighed  almost  every  kind  of  goods,  aud 
all  metals  except  gold  and  silver.  By  a  late  law  of  .Massachu- 
setts, the  cwt.  contains  100  lbs.  instead  of  112  lbs. 

A  ton  is  reckoned  at  the  custom-houses  of  the  United  States 
at  '2240  lbs. 


TABLE  OF  CLOTH  MEASURE. 


2%  Inches 


Nails 

Quarters 
Quarters 
Quarters 
Quarters  1 
Quarters 


make 


1-;;  inch 


1  Nfcll, 

1  Quarter  of  a  vard, 

1  Yard, 

1  Ell  Flemish, 

1  Ell  English, 

1   Ell  Scotch, 

1  Ell  French, 


marked     na. 

"  qJ- 

yd. 

"  E.  F. 

'•  E.  E. 

"  E.  S. 

"  E.  Fr. 


TABLE  OF  LONG  MEASURE. 


3      Barley-corns  (be.)  make  1  Inch, 


marked 


12      Inche, 

8      Feet 

r>}.2  \  ards,  or  lok.  Feet 
40  "  Rods,  or  220  Yds. 

8      Furlongs 

3      Miles 
tio      Geographic,  or  | 
C'J1.;  Statute  Miles     f 
360      Degt'ees. 


1  Foot, 

1   Vard, 

1  Rod  or  Role, 

1  Furlong, 

1  Mile, 

1  League, 


rd. 


in. 
ft. 

yd. 

or  po. 

fur. 

mi. 

le. 

deg.  or 


1  Degree, 

the  circumference  of  the  earth. 
TABLE  OF  LAND  OR  SQUARE  MEASURE. 


144      Square  In.  (sq.  in.)  make  1  Square  Foot,  marked 


9      Square  feet 
BOX  Sq.  Yds.,  or  272^ ft., 

Sq.  Rods  or  Poles     < 

Roods 

Acres 

Square  Poles 

Square  Chains 


40 

4 

040 

16 

10 


1  Square 'Yard, 

1  Sq.  Rod  or  Pole, 

1  Rood, 

1  Acre, 

1  Sauare  Mile, 

1  Square  Chain, 

1  Acre, 


sq 


sq.  ft. 
>q.  yd. 
rod. 

R. 

A. 
sq.  M. 

ch. 

A. 


TABLE  OF  MEASURING  DISTANCES. 


7  92-100  Inches 
25  Links 
100  Links 
10  Chains 
S  Furlongs 


make 


1  Link. 
1  Pole. 
1  Chain. 
1  Furlong. 
1  Mile. 


MISCELLANEOUS    TABLES.  ftl 


TABLE  OF  SOLID  OR  CUBIC  MEASURE 

1728  Solid  In.  (sol.  in.)  makeJ  Solid  Foot, 
27  Solid  Feet  *'      1  Solid  Yard, 


£ 

>URE. 

marked  so 
"     iOl. 

.  ft. 

yd. 

a 

T. 

C 

.  ft. 

cd. 

4 

feet  high, 

is  a 

make  1  Pint, 

marked  pt. 

"      1  Quart, 

"         qt. 

11      1  Gallon, 

"     sral. 

"      1  Barrel, 

11     bbl. 

"      1  Tierce, 

"       tee. 

"      1  Hogshead, 

"     hhd. 

"      1  Puncheon, 

"     pun. 

"      1  Pipe, 

"         pi. 

s."      1  Tun, 

T. 

40  ft.  round  tim.,  or  \      <(      1  Ton 
50  ft.  hewn  timber    \  ' 

16  Solid  feet  "      1  Cord  foot, 

aaass"}    -  * <*#«.*>* 

A  pile  of  wood  S  feet  long,  4  feet  wide,  and 
cord. 

TABLE  OF  WINE  MEASURE. 

4  Gills  {gi) 

2  Pints 

4  Quarts 

313^  Gallons 

42  Gallons 

63  Gallons,  or  2  barrels 

2  Tierces 

2  Hogsheads,  (126  gals.) 

2  Pipes,  4  hhds.,  or  252  gals." 

N^ote. — The  "Wine  Gallon  contains  281  cubic  inches.  Water- 
wine,  and  spirits,  are  measured  and  sold  by  this  measure. 

A  cubic  foot  of  distilled  water  weighs  1,000  ounces  Avoirdu- 
pois. 

The  English  Imperial  Gallon  contains  277  '4  cubic  inches,  and 
weighs  10  lbs.  Avoirdupois,  or  12  lbs.  1  oz.  10  dwt.  16  gr.  Troy. 
There  is  no  legal  measure  in  the  United  States  for  tierce,  hogs- 
head, puncheon,  pipe,  or  butt. 

TABLE  OF  DRY  MEASURE. 

2  Pints  make  1  Quart,  marked  qt. 

4  Quarts                            "  1  Gallon,                         "  gal. 

2  Gallons                         "  1  Peck,                            "  pk. 

4  Pecks                             "  1  Bushel,                        "  bu. 

36  Bushels                         "  1  Chaldron,                   "  ch. 

Note. — This  measure  is  applied  to  all  goods  that  are  not 
liquid  and  are  sold  by  measure,  as  corn,  fruit,  salt,  coals,  etc. 
A  Winchester  Bushel  is  18%  inches  in  diameter,  and  8  inches 
deep.  The  standard  Gallon,  Dry  Measure,  contains  268  4-5 
cubic  inches. 


62 


ARTTHMRTIC. 


TABLE  OF  ALE  AND  BEER  MEASURE. 

2  Pints  make    1  Quart,  •  marked        qt 

4  Quarts  "        1  Gallon,  "  gal 

82  Gallons  *       "        1  Barrel,  "  bbl 

54  Gallons  u        1  Hogshead,  '.'  hhd 

2  Hogsheads  «        1  Butt,  *         butt 

2  Butts  "        1  Tun,  "  tun 

Note. — By  a  law  of  Massachusetts,  the  barrel  for  cider  and 

beer  shall  contain  32  gallons,  but  in  some  other  States  it  is  of 

different  capacity.    The  Ale  Gallon  contains  282  cubic  or  solid 

inches. 

TABLE  OF  TIME. 


60  Seconds  (sec.) 

make  1  Minute, 

marked      m. 

60  Minutes 

"      1  Hour, 

hr. 

24  Hours 

"      1  l»ay, 

d. 

7  Days 

"      1  Week, 

"            w. 

4  Weeks 

"      1  Month, 

''          mo. 

12  Calendar  months 

"      1  Year, 

yr. 

52  Weeks 

"      1  Year, 

yr. 

S65  Days 

"      1  Common  Year,         "            jr. 

366  Days 

"      1  Leap  Year, 

yr. 

100  Years 

"      1  Century 

, 

C. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  divisions 

of  the  year,  the 

names  of  the  months,  and  the  number  of  days 

in  each : 

Winter.      J 

1st  month, 

January,     has 

S3 

days. 

2d 

February,    f 

2b, 

in  leap  year  29. 

i 

3d 

March,          U 

31  days. 

Spring.      J 

4th        " 

April,           " 

30 

" 

I 

5th 

May, 

81 

" 

6th        " 

June, 

30 

" 

Summer.    4 

7  th 

July, 

31 

44 

I 

8  th 

August,        " 

3i 

44 

mh      " 

September,  " 

30 

44 

Autumn.    •< 

10th 

October,       " 

81 

*' 

I 

1 1  th 

November,  " 

30 

" 

Winter. 

1 2th 

December,    " 

31 

" 

The  following  lines  will   help   to  remember  the  number  of 
days  in  each  month  : 

"  Thirty  days  hath  September, 
April,  June,  and  November; 
AM  the  rest  have  thirty -one, 
Except  February  alone, 
Which  hath  but  twenty-eight,  in  fine, 
Till  leap  year  gives  it  twenty-nine." 


MISCELLANEOUS    TABLES. 


6$ 


TABLE  OF  CIRCULAR  MOTION. 

60  Seconds,  or  60  '  make    1  Prime  minute,    marked 

60  Minutes  "        1  Degree,  " 

30  Degiees  "        1  Sign, 

12  Signs,  or  860  Degrees,  the  whole  great  circle  of  the  zodiac. 

MISCELLANEOUS  TABLE. 


A  gallon  of  train  oil 

weighs 

7}4  pounds. 

A  stone  o''  butcher's  meat 

" 

8 

a 

A  gallon  of  molasses 

u 

11 

iri 

A  stone  of  iron 

u 

14 

M 

A  tod 

** 

28 

tt 

A  firkin  of  butter 

** 

56 

tt 

A  firkin  of  soap 

it 

94 

tt 

A  quintal  of  fish 

" 

100 

1 1 

A  weigh 

" 

182 

a 

A  sack 

" 

364 

n 

A  nuncheon  of  foreign  prunes 

it 

1120 

44 

A  last 

a 

4368 

" 

A  fother  of  lead 

u 

19#  cwt. 

A  bbl.  of  flour 

*' 

196 

pounds. 

A    "        anchovies 

a 

30 

" 

A     "        raisins 

** 

112 

a 

A    "        pork  or  beef 

44 

200 

44 

A    "        soap 

44 

256 

44 

A     "        Bhad  or  salmon  in  Connee 

}    " 

200 

tt 

ticut  or  New  York 

A    "        fish  iu  Massachusetts 

'8 

30 

gallons. 

A    "        cider  and  beer 

is 

82 

a 

A    "        herrings  in  England 

is 

82 

44 

A    "        salmon  or  eels  do. 

is 

42 

44 

S      bushels  of  salt,  measured  on 

\      . 

hogshead. 

board  the  vessel, 

S    ls 

1 

7%    do.    measured  ou  shore, 

is 

1 

u 

5      hoops 

make 

1 

cast. 

40      casts 

M 

1 

hundred. 

10      hundred 

U 

1 

thousand. 

12      units,  or  things, 

" 

1 

dozen. 

1 2      dozen 

tt 

1 

gross. 

144      dozen 

•  « 

1 

great  gross. 

24     sheets  of  paper 

« 

1 

quire. 

20      quires 

<• 

1 

ream. 

55      pounds 

« 

1 

bush.  corn. 

60     pounds 

tt 

1 

bush,  wheat 

64  ARITHMETIC. 


BOOKS. 

\  sheet  folded  in  'J  leaves  is  called  a  FbHo. 

A  sheet  folded  in  4  leaves  is  called  a  Quarto,  or  Ato. 

A  sheet  folded  in  8  leaves  tiled  an  Octavo,  or  8ro. 

\  sheet  folded  in  12  leaves  is  called  a  Duodecimo,  or  12mo. 

A  sheet  folded  in  IS  leaves  is  called  an  18mo. 

A  sheet  folded  in  cli  leaves  is  called  a  24mo. 


POPULAR    QUESTION    BOOK 

FOB    SUNDAY    SCHOOLS. 


frimwg  § Wit  (gnetiiions, 

FOK 

YOUNG-     C  HI  LDREN. 

BY  S.   SOOT. 
THIRD  EDITION,  REVISED,  ENLARGED  AND  JWPRO^  Blip. 

The  Publisher  takes  pleasure  in  stating  that  this  edition  of 
Primary  Bible  Questions  has  been  received  v.-ith  increased 
favor,  and  that  it  has  been  introduced,  and  is  now  in  use,  in 
many  of  the  largest  Sabbath  Schools  without,  denominational 
restrictions,  in  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

To  meet  the  demand  for  such  books,  a  large  edition  has  been 
issued,  and  it  is  now  offered  to  schools  at  $3,00  per  dozen.— 
Single  copies  30  cents. 

SUNDAY    SCHOOL    TESTAMENTS 
At  10  cents  per  copy  can  be  had  by  addressing 

J.  J.  TOON,   Publisher, 
And  Proprietor  Franklin  Printing  House, 
Atlanta,  Georgia. 


AND 


8Q01C  SXKTDERT, 

ATLANTA,    GA. 

B001  AND  JOB  PRITORffi 

OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 

KXKCUTED   ^.T   ^SHORT    NOTICE, 

IN  THE  HANDSOMEST  STYLE, 

AMU    AT 

FAIB    PRICES, 


BLANK  BOOKS;! 

m^de:  to  order. 

T 

ORDIJRS  SOIJC  TED      SATISFACTION  GUARANTEED,  j 


J.  J,  TOON,  Proprietor. 


